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All life
began in the deep blue sea.
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Its flow and force...
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...have shaped our world.
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Revered, and feared...
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00:01:01,144 --> 00:01:03,981
...since humans first
walked the Earth,
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an immense hidden realm,
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00:01:14,241 --> 00:01:17,119
visible only in our imagination,
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for hundreds
of thousands of years.
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Only now, are we discovering
what our ocean means...
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...for our world.
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What we have found
could change the course of
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our future, forever.
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Humans have always looked
out at the open blue horizon
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and wondered what lies beyond.
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Yet it has remained
almost entirely a mystery.
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00:03:03,809 --> 00:03:07,187
After living for nearly
100 years on this planet,
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I now understand the most
important place on Earth is not
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on land, but at sea.
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And today we're living in the
greatest age of ocean discovery.
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For many of us the world
beyond the beach is still dark,
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threatening, and dangerous...
out of sight and most certainly
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out of mind.
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It's time to take the plunge,
to go beneath the waves.
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For once you've
truly seen the sea,
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you'll never look at Earth
in the same way again.
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In my lifetime,
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our ability to see the
ocean has been transformed.
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The invention of scuba
gear changed everything.
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Suddenly, an extraordinary
new world of wonder and
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00:04:02,868 --> 00:04:04,536
surprise came into view.
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It wasn't long before we found
a way to explore that
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dark distant part of the planet.
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That had remained
hidden for so long.
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We journeyed into the deep...
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...and gazed at
the bottom of the sea.
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In the years that followed I
could never have imagined what
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we'd find, miles
below the surface.
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Yet, to this day, we have
seen more of other planets
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than we have of the ocean.
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Now we are making discoveries
that completely change our
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understanding and
could offer a better future
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00:05:01,968 --> 00:05:03,929
for everyone on Earth,
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even in the waters
we know least about,
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those furthest from land.
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The high seas or open ocean.
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The last great wilderness.
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It's not owned by any nation,
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but shared by
everyone in the world.
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The open ocean is truly ours.
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Its waters are the deepest
and the most remote.
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Much of it has still never
been seen by human beings.
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It's our final frontier.
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Until recently, we assumed it
to be a largely empty desert.
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The few creatures we knew
of wandering this open world
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remained a mystery.
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Now a new, far more
connected picture,
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is emerging of the big blue.
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Some of these travelers such
as sharks and tuna have been
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tracked making
enormous migrations,
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across the entire planet, on
an endless search for food.
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And we have only just learnt
how these voyagers find
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their way out here,
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steering along the twists and
turns of particular currents.
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They come together
from across the globe,
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at a few precious places.
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Seamounts.
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Submarine mountains soaring
up to three miles high.
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They stand in the path
of ocean currents,
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causing water to rise from
the deep, bringing with it food.
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Only now are we understanding
just how important
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they really are.
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As pit stops and endpoints
on ocean odysseys.
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Perhaps most exciting of all,
we have just discovered there
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are nearly twice as many of
these oases as we had thought.
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{\an8}Some 40,000 of them
across the sea floor.
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So the open ocean is not a
featureless desert after all.
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It is more connected than
we had ever imagined.
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Back towards the shore,
closer to land,
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there is a more familiar world.
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This is the other
great ocean realm,
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the shallow coastal seas.
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And this is where we
get most of our seafood.
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The shallow seas we regard
as being owned by the nations
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living on the land next to them.
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These coastal countries have
exclusive rights to exploit an
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area within a few hundred
kilometers offshore.
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This shallow region above
the continental shelf,
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is a magical world
where everything is
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bathed in sunlight.
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This is giant kelp,
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the tallest
living thing in the ocean.
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Beneath its towering canopies,
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we've discovered a
high-rise community.
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The forest needs its many
residents to survive.
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Sea urchins do the gardening
and the kelp is kept in check.
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If these gardeners get too
abundant, this is the result.
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Fortunately for the kelp,
there are urchin-eaters too.
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It's a world in
delicate balance.
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To have found,
just off our coasts,
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jungles to rival any on land
was extraordinary.
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It was the equivalent of
discovering a new tropical
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rainforest full of marvels that
we had barely glimpsed before.
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Scientists had no idea of the
sheer scale of these forests,
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or the speed at which they grew.
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They border a quarter
of the world's coasts,
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and we are still finding
more of them even now.
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And only within the last couple
of years have we found the
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world's largest seagrass meadow.
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This increased the
global estimate of this
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habitat by nearly half.
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And we have found that ocean
jungles and meadows absorb far
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more carbon than the same
area of rainforest on land.
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We now know that
together they could help us
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avoid climate disaster.
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In the coastal seas close to
the equator lies a tropical
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world of seemingly
endless surprise.
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The first time I used scuba
gear to dive on a coral reef,
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I was so taken aback by
the spectacle before me,
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I forgot, momentarily,
to breathe!
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Nothing that I'd ever
seen on land had come close
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to the sensory overload
of so much life,
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and such diversity
right before my eyes.
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Everywhere I looked,
at every scale,
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there was something new.
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One could spend days
swimming above it and
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never tire of the colors,
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the movement,
the interactions.
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It's life at its
most mesmerizing.
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We knew that coral reefs
harbored astonishing diversity
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ever since we first
set eyes on them.
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But the reason they did
so remained a mystery.
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I remember reading how
Charles Darwin puzzled over
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how reefs form and how
they can turn even the most
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barren places
into oases of life.
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We now know their
secret and it's wonderful.
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Corals are animals.
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But this is just
part of their story.
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Within their bodies
live plant-like algae.
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The algae use sunlight to
produce the food that corals
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need to survive.
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As the corals grow,
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they build stone castles
around their
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soft bodies for protection.
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And in doing so,
they create the planet's
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largest living structures.
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It is extraordinary to think
that this one relationship can
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turn undersea deserts into
the most complex and diverse
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community in the ocean.
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And the closer one looks...
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...the more one sees.
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In this crowded world of color,
there isn't a shape,
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or size, that's not at home.
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A greater variety of life
may seem hard to imagine,
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yet we keep finding more...
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...and more.
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These little boxer crabs have
been found to wear clumps of
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venomous anemones as gloves
with which to defend themselves.
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And the peacock mantis shrimp
has the most complex eyesight
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of any animal.
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2,000 new marine species
are being discovered every year.
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From coral-crunchers
and grazers,
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to helpers,
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and hunters.
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We once believed that if
you removed the sharks,
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there would be more fish.
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Now we are learning
how wrong we were.
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We're seeing that the
entire reef depends on all
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of these relationships.
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If just one is removed,
everything and everyone that
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relies on this coral
community could be in trouble.
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There are things we have
discovered about the shallow
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coastal seas that directly
affect our everyday life.
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All eight billion of us.
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Currents sweep up the walls
of the continental shelf,
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carrying nutrients
from the ocean floor,
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so creating the most
productive waters in our ocean.
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This makes them the perfect
place for phytoplankton.
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These single-celled plants
flourish here in unimaginable
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quantities, absorbing vast
amounts of carbon dioxide.
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00:21:37,630 --> 00:21:41,717
We have just discovered that
ocean plankton remove almost a
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third of our carbon emissions.
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They could be our greatest ally
in avoiding climate catastrophe.
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What is more, we now know that
they produce more oxygen than
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all the trees on Earth combined.
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That is half of
the air we breathe.
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They are also the most
important source of food under
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the waves.
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Yet until recently, we have
been unable to see this world
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in such detail.
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New images such as these,
reveal that billions of these
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00:22:50,619 --> 00:22:55,082
tiny battles are taking
place at any one moment.
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These zooplankton are the most
abundant animals on Earth.
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They're fuel for the
biggest shoals of fish,
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and almost every food
chain in the sea.
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The shallow coastal seas
are truly the foundation
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of the entire ocean.
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And feed billions of us.
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This age of discovery has shown
our ocean to be more complex
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and more delicately
balanced than we could
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have ever imagined.
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00:25:01,166 --> 00:25:05,754
It's revealed that this vast,
mysterious world is bound to us
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in ways we had never
dreamt possible.
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But to truly understand
its importance,
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we must first open our
eyes to what is happening
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right now...
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...below the waves.
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Few of us imagine this.
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From the surface,
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you would have no idea
that this is happening.
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It has remained hidden
from view... until now.
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00:26:31,757 --> 00:26:35,219
A modern industrial
bottom-trawler scours the
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00:26:35,302 --> 00:26:38,764
ocean floor with a
chain or metal beam,
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00:26:39,056 --> 00:26:43,102
forcing anything it disturbs
into the net behind.
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00:26:52,945 --> 00:26:55,572
It smashes its way
across the seabed,
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00:26:56,907 --> 00:26:59,660
destroying nearly
everything in its path,
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00:27:00,661 --> 00:27:04,957
often on the hunt for
just a single species.
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00:27:14,842 --> 00:27:18,137
Almost everything
else is discarded.
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Over three-quarters
of a trawler's catch may
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00:27:25,060 --> 00:27:26,895
be thrown away.
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It's hard to imagine a more
wasteful way to catch fish.
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An area almost the size of
the entire Amazon rainforest
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is trawled every year.
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00:27:52,087 --> 00:27:55,716
And much of that seabed
is plowed again.
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00:27:56,341 --> 00:27:58,343
Over, and over.
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00:28:07,769 --> 00:28:11,899
This churning of the
sediment unleashes vast
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00:28:11,982 --> 00:28:14,359
amounts of carbon dioxide,
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00:28:17,195 --> 00:28:21,283
which in turn contributes
to the warming of our planet.
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00:28:31,501 --> 00:28:35,464
The trawlers tear the seabed
with such force that their
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00:28:35,547 --> 00:28:39,343
trails of destruction
can be seen from space.
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00:29:00,364 --> 00:29:03,575
Very few places
are safe from this.
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Including almost nowhere
in my own country.
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00:29:25,639 --> 00:29:29,935
We have lived
and relied on food from the sea
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around the island
for over 5,000 years.
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Everything is so
different under the sea.
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There's no houses, no roads,
no telephones.
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It's just nature, 100%.
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00:30:01,842 --> 00:30:04,094
When I used to go
scallop diving,
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00:30:04,177 --> 00:30:06,763
you would dive
down to the sea bed and
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00:30:06,847 --> 00:30:09,057
just acclimatize yourself.
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00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:23,530
Things that look like plants
down there are animals,
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00:30:28,035 --> 00:30:31,163
and they've been there
for millions of years.
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Slowly but surely, you would
see a complete bed of scallops.
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00:30:50,599 --> 00:30:54,519
It's ancient, can take
100 years to grow.
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00:31:29,888 --> 00:31:34,184
The first time that I dived
over an area that a scallop
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00:31:34,267 --> 00:31:39,856
dredger had just been over,
it was just heartbreaking.
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00:31:47,030 --> 00:31:50,117
All sorts of animals
just smashed to pieces.
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It was like swimming
over the Garden of Eden to
250
00:31:56,790 --> 00:31:58,667
a nuclear winter.
251
00:32:04,464 --> 00:32:10,303
The community watched from
the shore as these boats go
252
00:32:10,387 --> 00:32:14,683
up and down, closer, and closer,
253
00:32:15,851 --> 00:32:22,524
over and over again,
just for a few scallops.
254
00:32:31,658 --> 00:32:35,370
The scallop dredgers said,
"We have the right to do this,
255
00:32:35,745 --> 00:32:37,664
and it's completely legal."
256
00:32:44,296 --> 00:32:49,843
They were taking the
future out of the sea,
257
00:32:50,093 --> 00:32:54,431
and the island community
would be left with the wreckage.
258
00:32:58,727 --> 00:33:04,107
A feeling was just of
complete disbelief.
259
00:33:07,819 --> 00:33:10,947
How can this be
allowed to happen?
260
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,754
It's difficult to try and
explain to people just exactly
261
00:33:25,837 --> 00:33:28,131
how abundant it once was here.
262
00:33:30,508 --> 00:33:32,844
Just how much has been lost?
263
00:33:42,020 --> 00:33:45,023
The idea of
bulldozing through a pristine,
264
00:33:45,106 --> 00:33:47,192
rainforest causes outrage,
265
00:33:47,901 --> 00:33:50,528
yet we do the equivalent
underwater thousands
266
00:33:50,612 --> 00:33:53,073
of times every day.
267
00:33:56,993 --> 00:34:02,374
Ancient seagrass meadows,
plowed into silt.
268
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:14,302
Delicate, 100-year-old
sponge gardens,
269
00:34:14,928 --> 00:34:17,847
that once sheltered
bustling communities,
270
00:34:23,853 --> 00:34:25,981
destroyed in an instant.
271
00:34:54,259 --> 00:34:58,054
Surely, you would assume
it must be illegal?
272
00:34:58,930 --> 00:35:02,517
But it is not only legal,
but actually encouraged by
273
00:35:02,601 --> 00:35:04,019
the laws of today.
274
00:35:05,604 --> 00:35:08,898
Bottom trawling is still
allowed in many so-called
275
00:35:08,982 --> 00:35:12,152
Marine Protected
Areas worldwide.
276
00:35:14,029 --> 00:35:17,157
And perhaps even
more astonishingly,
277
00:35:17,282 --> 00:35:19,701
it is subsidized by governments.
278
00:35:20,827 --> 00:35:26,166
$20 billion are spent every
year supporting overfishing
279
00:35:26,249 --> 00:35:28,418
on an industrial scale.
280
00:36:13,046 --> 00:36:16,132
Vast factories now
travel the seas.
281
00:36:21,096 --> 00:36:24,766
They work day and night.
282
00:36:27,227 --> 00:36:31,606
Further and faster than ever.
283
00:36:33,692 --> 00:36:36,486
It seems nowhere is off-limits.
284
00:36:42,742 --> 00:36:44,828
Even the open ocean.
285
00:37:10,562 --> 00:37:15,900
Lines of baited hooks
50 miles long reel in
286
00:37:15,984 --> 00:37:19,028
millions of sharks every year.
287
00:37:29,539 --> 00:37:34,961
We have now killed two-thirds
of all large predatory fish.
288
00:37:41,718 --> 00:37:44,846
Walls of nets hundreds
of meters high,
289
00:37:45,930 --> 00:37:47,932
leave few survivors.
290
00:38:00,028 --> 00:38:04,866
Sharks and turtles survived
the extinction of the dinosaurs
291
00:38:05,450 --> 00:38:07,827
but may not outlive this.
292
00:38:14,167 --> 00:38:16,044
The change is simple.
293
00:38:16,336 --> 00:38:20,173
We once fished a few
places near shore to
294
00:38:20,256 --> 00:38:22,050
feed our communities.
295
00:38:22,133 --> 00:38:26,554
Now we fish everywhere,
all the time.
296
00:38:27,180 --> 00:38:29,641
And I have lived
through this change.
297
00:38:35,355 --> 00:38:37,982
There are tales
from 400 years ago,
298
00:38:38,441 --> 00:38:39,651
of coastal waters,
299
00:38:39,734 --> 00:38:43,822
"so thick with fish, boats could
barely move through them."
300
00:38:51,579 --> 00:38:56,417
No-one alive today has
known the abundance of a
301
00:38:56,501 --> 00:38:58,211
truly wild ocean.
302
00:39:04,384 --> 00:39:08,513
There are now simply
fewer fish in the sea.
303
00:39:14,352 --> 00:39:18,398
Wherever we look, in
every part of our ocean,
304
00:39:18,481 --> 00:39:20,483
the evidence is clear.
305
00:39:27,991 --> 00:39:32,370
Many sea bird colonies are
starving and in the final
306
00:39:32,453 --> 00:39:34,163
stages of collapse.
307
00:39:39,294 --> 00:39:42,964
Every year more nests fail.
308
00:39:48,761 --> 00:39:53,850
It's the same story of change
in every ocean of the world.
309
00:40:13,828 --> 00:40:16,456
Before, we
were working in harmony
310
00:40:16,539 --> 00:40:17,707
with the ocean.
311
00:41:02,710 --> 00:41:05,171
Then everything changed.
312
00:41:43,501 --> 00:41:45,336
Where the trawlers
fish is where we fish.
313
00:41:51,801 --> 00:41:54,303
We see them closer to shore.
314
00:42:12,864 --> 00:42:14,490
Our nets used to be full.
315
00:42:17,577 --> 00:42:20,621
We see different, different,
different types of fish.
316
00:42:24,459 --> 00:42:25,793
Today?
317
00:42:26,461 --> 00:42:27,795
No.
318
00:42:34,802 --> 00:42:38,556
The bigger size are gone.
They are no more.
319
00:42:45,021 --> 00:42:47,023
Even the smallest,
the smallest ones,
320
00:42:47,106 --> 00:42:49,484
we are after them
because there's no fish.
321
00:42:54,822 --> 00:42:59,827
These days, when I throw,
I catch plastic.
322
00:43:00,369 --> 00:43:03,247
To even throw a line,
your hook and line,
323
00:43:04,707 --> 00:43:06,334
you bring out plastic.
324
00:43:12,423 --> 00:43:13,758
We depend on fish.
325
00:43:15,843 --> 00:43:19,388
It's where we get
our resource from,
326
00:43:20,515 --> 00:43:24,894
to support our children to go
to school, to feed our family.
327
00:43:27,688 --> 00:43:28,981
It belongs to us.
328
00:43:38,908 --> 00:43:41,994
Without the ocean,
there's no community.
329
00:43:53,756 --> 00:43:56,008
When the trawlers take
away the last fish,
330
00:43:58,177 --> 00:43:59,554
my heart will be so heavy.
331
00:44:11,899 --> 00:44:14,652
Three billion people rely on
332
00:44:14,735 --> 00:44:16,487
our ocean for food.
333
00:44:18,614 --> 00:44:22,660
But ships sent by a few
wealthy nations are starving
334
00:44:22,743 --> 00:44:25,955
coastal communities of
the food source they have
335
00:44:26,038 --> 00:44:27,957
relied on for millennia.
336
00:44:30,918 --> 00:44:35,089
This is modern
colonialism at sea.
337
00:44:41,929 --> 00:44:46,809
Some 400,000
industrial vessels now hunt in
338
00:44:46,893 --> 00:44:48,728
every corner of the ocean.
339
00:44:54,942 --> 00:44:58,404
Nowhere is too far or too deep.
340
00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:08,331
Even the most remote parts of
the planet are no longer safe.
341
00:45:25,056 --> 00:45:30,019
Almost every animal in
the Antarctic relies on
342
00:45:30,102 --> 00:45:32,146
just a single species.
343
00:45:35,233 --> 00:45:37,693
A small red crustacean.
344
00:45:39,445 --> 00:45:41,030
Antarctic krill.
345
00:45:48,704 --> 00:45:51,207
For whales, fish, and penguins,
346
00:45:51,499 --> 00:45:54,460
krill is the most
important source of food
347
00:45:54,543 --> 00:45:56,337
throughout the
Southern Ocean.
348
00:46:42,425 --> 00:46:45,886
The trawlers have
reached Antarctica.
349
00:46:59,317 --> 00:47:02,278
And they are also
here for the krill.
350
00:47:08,409 --> 00:47:10,911
With so few fish
left in the ocean,
351
00:47:12,163 --> 00:47:15,833
we are now seeking
other prey in the furthest
352
00:47:15,916 --> 00:47:17,710
corners of our world.
353
00:47:27,887 --> 00:47:32,141
These are some of the
biggest factories on the sea.
354
00:47:37,938 --> 00:47:41,400
They suck hundreds of
thousands of tonnes of krill
355
00:47:41,817 --> 00:47:43,569
into vast nets.
356
00:47:55,414 --> 00:47:59,126
It's then boiled and
processed for fish farms,
357
00:48:00,419 --> 00:48:06,008
health supplements, and,
most recently, for pet food,
358
00:48:08,469 --> 00:48:10,346
all on board the ship.
359
00:48:34,245 --> 00:48:38,040
How can wildlife
compete with this?
360
00:48:54,682 --> 00:48:58,018
Some claim this is sustainable.
361
00:49:02,523 --> 00:49:06,110
But we may now be
removing the foundation of
362
00:49:06,193 --> 00:49:08,279
an entire ecosystem.
363
00:49:29,425 --> 00:49:32,595
We have drained the
life from our ocean.
364
00:49:35,973 --> 00:49:38,851
Now, we are almost out of time.
365
00:49:43,063 --> 00:49:47,276
Indeed, the ocean is in such
poor health that I would find
366
00:49:47,359 --> 00:49:52,781
it hard not to lose hope, were
it not for the most remarkable
367
00:49:52,865 --> 00:49:55,326
discovery of all.
368
00:49:58,287 --> 00:50:01,207
The ocean can
recover faster than we had
369
00:50:01,290 --> 00:50:02,583
ever thought possible.
370
00:50:03,083 --> 00:50:05,127
It can bounce back to life.
371
00:50:06,128 --> 00:50:09,131
For if left alone, it
may not just recover,
372
00:50:09,340 --> 00:50:13,010
but thrive beyond anything
anyone alive has ever seen.
373
00:50:14,553 --> 00:50:17,139
We can be sure of
this beyond any doubt,
374
00:50:17,473 --> 00:50:20,184
because it is already happening.
375
00:50:33,239 --> 00:50:36,700
For over 200 years,
this area was fished
376
00:50:36,784 --> 00:50:40,079
intensively with nets and traps.
377
00:50:49,171 --> 00:50:53,634
With their predators removed,
urchin numbers exploded.
378
00:50:57,012 --> 00:51:02,268
Soaring kelp forests were
transformed into a barren world.
379
00:51:03,727 --> 00:51:07,731
With little left to catch, the
decision was made to stop all
380
00:51:07,815 --> 00:51:11,777
fishing across nearly
three hundred square miles.
381
00:51:16,657 --> 00:51:21,579
It would be a marine
reserve or 'no-take zone'.
382
00:51:24,540 --> 00:51:28,377
Once protected, the predators
could begin to recover.
383
00:51:36,135 --> 00:51:37,845
Balance was restored.
384
00:51:40,889 --> 00:51:45,853
In just five years the forests
were once again flourishing.
385
00:51:48,939 --> 00:51:52,610
And with them, a thriving,
bustling neighborhood.
386
00:51:58,449 --> 00:52:03,287
Safe from fishing, the
animals had time to grow big.
387
00:52:11,295 --> 00:52:14,923
And the larger a female
spiny lobster can grow,
388
00:52:15,716 --> 00:52:18,302
the more eggs she can release.
389
00:52:31,273 --> 00:52:33,317
As the larvae disperse,
390
00:52:33,525 --> 00:52:36,737
they begin a journey
into the unknown.
391
00:52:43,118 --> 00:52:45,204
Leaving the safety of the kelp,
392
00:52:45,287 --> 00:52:48,624
many are carried by
currents into the open sea.
393
00:52:54,129 --> 00:52:57,633
Lobster larvae may travel
for thousands of miles,
394
00:52:58,050 --> 00:53:00,761
even crossing
international borders.
395
00:53:03,889 --> 00:53:06,642
They keep moving
for almost a year,
396
00:53:07,184 --> 00:53:09,603
developing and
growing along the way.
397
00:53:12,773 --> 00:53:14,942
Those that survive the journey,
398
00:53:15,734 --> 00:53:19,238
return to the coast to
begin their adult lives.
399
00:53:23,325 --> 00:53:27,454
And the chances are that
when they finally settle,
400
00:53:27,830 --> 00:53:31,375
they are outside
the no-take zone.
401
00:53:39,675 --> 00:53:45,472
This is how lobster populations
spill into unprotected waters,
402
00:53:45,889 --> 00:53:48,642
reviving fisheries far and wide.
403
00:54:00,154 --> 00:54:04,950
Initially it had
almost no effect whatsoever.
404
00:54:09,079 --> 00:54:12,624
And then the spillover
started to happen.
405
00:54:17,296 --> 00:54:20,758
Eventually, it turned
into something that was very
406
00:54:20,841 --> 00:54:21,842
hard to ignore.
407
00:54:26,096 --> 00:54:27,389
On one particular day,
408
00:54:27,514 --> 00:54:29,433
fishing on the edge
of the reserve,
409
00:54:30,184 --> 00:54:32,394
we pulled up the
trap of my career.
410
00:54:39,026 --> 00:54:40,736
The most I'd ever
seen in a trap.
411
00:54:41,612 --> 00:54:44,072
One for the record
books right there.
412
00:54:46,450 --> 00:54:48,911
It was an ecstatic moment,
413
00:54:49,161 --> 00:54:50,913
and it was an
eye-opening moment
414
00:54:56,627 --> 00:55:00,214
I think every fisherman I
know will acknowledge the fact
415
00:55:00,380 --> 00:55:02,925
that the reserves are working.
416
00:55:07,596 --> 00:55:13,519
It's an amazing thing to see
how abundant the species is.
417
00:55:14,353 --> 00:55:17,523
There's a bit of magic in there,
that's for certain, you know.
418
00:55:27,032 --> 00:55:30,077
The
'no-take zone' is literally
419
00:55:30,160 --> 00:55:32,871
overflowing with marine life.
420
00:55:45,801 --> 00:55:48,470
If we just let nature
take its course,
421
00:55:48,887 --> 00:55:50,847
the sea will save itself.
422
00:55:55,227 --> 00:55:58,313
Huge predators, not
seen for decades,
423
00:55:58,480 --> 00:56:00,232
have returned once again.
424
00:56:04,069 --> 00:56:09,032
Even giant black sea bass,
once assumed lost forever,
425
00:56:09,449 --> 00:56:12,452
now finds shelter
among the fronds.
426
00:56:38,937 --> 00:56:42,691
Recovery like this
is possible anywhere.
427
00:56:44,693 --> 00:56:48,864
Even in the most overfished
part of the most overfished
428
00:56:48,947 --> 00:56:50,407
sea on Earth.
429
00:56:53,493 --> 00:56:57,247
Fish populations in the
Mediterranean have almost
430
00:56:57,331 --> 00:56:58,749
completely collapsed,
431
00:57:02,794 --> 00:57:05,047
a third have already been lost.
432
00:57:06,798 --> 00:57:10,093
Yet even here there
is still hope.
433
00:57:24,107 --> 00:57:26,985
When a tiny reserve
was established off the
434
00:57:27,069 --> 00:57:32,449
coast of France,
it erupted back to life.
435
00:57:44,169 --> 00:57:47,130
Even the biggest fish
are making a comeback.
436
00:58:00,852 --> 00:58:06,024
This is the result of fully
protecting less than 1%
437
00:58:06,191 --> 00:58:07,651
of the Mediterranean.
438
00:58:11,863 --> 00:58:14,157
But this is just the beginning.
439
00:58:15,784 --> 00:58:19,329
If protecting a small portion
of the sea from fishing has
440
00:58:19,413 --> 00:58:23,250
such a large effect, imagine
the potential power of doing
441
00:58:23,333 --> 00:58:25,711
this across much larger areas.
442
00:58:26,461 --> 00:58:29,381
Now for the first
time this century,
443
00:58:29,464 --> 00:58:33,760
we don't need to imagine,
we can see for ourselves.
444
00:59:04,458 --> 00:59:06,960
It is literally
a place of our ancestors.
445
00:59:09,421 --> 00:59:11,548
What we would
call a "wao akua."
446
00:59:13,258 --> 00:59:15,010
a realm of the gods.
447
00:59:19,055 --> 00:59:22,058
Papahanaumokuakea is the
largest fully protected area,
448
00:59:22,142 --> 00:59:24,102
land or sea, on the planet.
449
00:59:30,817 --> 00:59:34,070
Those calls for protection came
from native Hawai'ian fishermen
450
00:59:34,154 --> 00:59:35,197
and elders.
451
00:59:37,491 --> 00:59:41,411
Without it, there would be
no moli, no Laysan albatross.
452
00:59:48,502 --> 00:59:52,714
Their home is the entirety
of the vast Pacific Ocean.
453
00:59:57,969 --> 01:00:02,432
They are seers of the sky.
454
01:00:07,062 --> 01:00:10,357
They see more of the planet
than almost any creature.
455
01:00:14,110 --> 01:00:18,698
But they depend on tiny little
spits of land in order to breed.
456
01:00:24,079 --> 01:00:27,040
Those of us who come from
voyaging and way-finding
457
01:00:27,123 --> 01:00:30,085
traditions could only
watch them in wonder.
458
01:00:37,259 --> 01:00:40,178
Over years, each pair
develops their own language.
459
01:00:42,931 --> 01:00:45,642
By dancing together they
reaffirm their bond.
460
01:01:06,705 --> 01:01:11,209
Moli are the longest
living known species of bird
461
01:01:11,293 --> 01:01:12,168
on the planet.
462
01:01:14,421 --> 01:01:17,716
It's hard not to look at
this moli chick and wonder
463
01:01:18,174 --> 01:01:20,844
"What will it see,
in the next 60 years?"
464
01:01:30,186 --> 01:01:32,981
Thanks to the vision of the
elders and the Hawai'ian
465
01:01:33,064 --> 01:01:36,276
fishermen who first
charged us with taking
466
01:01:36,359 --> 01:01:38,737
better care of this place,
467
01:01:40,947 --> 01:01:43,241
they have gone from
near extinction to the largest
468
01:01:43,325 --> 01:01:45,702
albatross colony in the world.
469
01:01:50,415 --> 01:01:54,085
Now, 14 million seabirds
return each year.
470
01:01:56,671 --> 01:02:01,509
It is a pu'uhonua,
a place of refuge.
471
01:02:04,971 --> 01:02:07,974
Why it's important to protect
really big areas is for
472
01:02:08,058 --> 01:02:11,478
migratory species to be
the voyagers that they are.
473
01:02:13,146 --> 01:02:14,272
They need a lot of space.
474
01:02:33,166 --> 01:02:34,584
People said it couldn't be done.
475
01:02:35,543 --> 01:02:38,630
But due to the protections
of Papahanaumokuakea,
476
01:02:39,047 --> 01:02:42,759
tuna can reproduce and spread
into neighboring areas,
477
01:02:43,385 --> 01:02:46,846
where populations
have increased by 54%.
478
01:03:02,570 --> 01:03:04,406
Spillover is basic biology.
479
01:03:06,992 --> 01:03:10,203
When we first set out to
protect what is now
480
01:03:10,286 --> 01:03:12,998
Papahanaumokuakea,
the people would ask us,
481
01:03:13,081 --> 01:03:15,250
"What are you
protecting it from?"
482
01:03:16,042 --> 01:03:17,419
and our answer was,
483
01:03:17,502 --> 01:03:19,295
"That's the wrong question.
484
01:03:19,379 --> 01:03:23,591
It's about who and what
are we protecting it for?"
485
01:03:29,180 --> 01:03:33,101
Protecting the ocean doesn't
mean being anti-fishing.
486
01:03:34,102 --> 01:03:38,648
The goals of healthy fisheries
and conservation are the same,
487
01:03:39,482 --> 01:03:43,653
more fish, more abundance,
more health of the ocean.
488
01:04:03,840 --> 01:04:07,594
Until now, it was assumed
that no protected area could
489
01:04:07,677 --> 01:04:11,222
be big enough to help
fish species that migrate
490
01:04:11,306 --> 01:04:14,517
over long distances,
such as yellowfin tuna.
491
01:04:15,226 --> 01:04:18,313
This place has shattered
that assumption.
492
01:04:21,357 --> 01:04:24,277
For when we create a
nature reserve on land,
493
01:04:24,527 --> 01:04:26,863
we mostly protect
the life within it.
494
01:04:28,198 --> 01:04:30,825
But we have discovered
that when you do the same
495
01:04:30,909 --> 01:04:34,454
in the ocean, the
effects of these reserves
496
01:04:34,537 --> 01:04:37,290
spread far beyond
their boundaries.
497
01:04:38,792 --> 01:04:43,338
The waters outside
fill with life again.
498
01:04:57,811 --> 01:05:01,147
Wherever we have given
the ocean time and space,
499
01:05:01,898 --> 01:05:06,027
it has recovered fast and
on a greater scale than we
500
01:05:06,111 --> 01:05:08,488
dared to imagine possible.
501
01:05:15,703 --> 01:05:18,706
And it has the power
to go even further,
502
01:05:19,499 --> 01:05:23,711
to defend against the
greatest threats of our time.
503
01:05:31,177 --> 01:05:33,721
When corals experience
heat stress,
504
01:05:34,389 --> 01:05:39,227
they evict their plant partners
and turn ghostly white.
505
01:05:44,983 --> 01:05:48,486
During filming, the
temperature of our ocean rose
506
01:05:48,570 --> 01:05:50,738
higher than ever before.
507
01:05:54,868 --> 01:05:58,454
A devastating heat wave
travelled across the planet,
508
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:04,377
transforming even
the largest and most
509
01:06:04,502 --> 01:06:06,713
established tropical reefs.
510
01:06:16,973 --> 01:06:20,018
As far as we know,
these reefs have never looked
511
01:06:20,101 --> 01:06:21,811
like this before.
512
01:06:35,408 --> 01:06:39,037
These Elkhorn corals
in the Caribbean...
513
01:06:41,414 --> 01:06:43,249
...were some of the last.
514
01:06:53,051 --> 01:06:57,388
We are likely here to be
witnessing the extinction of
515
01:06:57,472 --> 01:07:00,808
species before our very eyes.
516
01:07:13,154 --> 01:07:16,407
This was the biggest
global mass bleaching event
517
01:07:16,616 --> 01:07:18,201
in recorded history.
518
01:07:25,250 --> 01:07:29,712
If the warming continues,
the corals never recover.
519
01:07:31,422 --> 01:07:36,010
They're smothered
by algae... and die.
520
01:07:39,180 --> 01:07:42,934
Nearly all coral reefs are
predicted to disappear in the
521
01:07:43,017 --> 01:07:45,103
next 30 years.
522
01:07:49,065 --> 01:07:52,151
You could be forgiven for
thinking there is no hope
523
01:07:52,235 --> 01:07:53,319
left at all.
524
01:07:56,948 --> 01:07:58,032
But there is.
525
01:08:01,828 --> 01:08:07,625
In just a few places,
strict protection from fishing
526
01:08:08,543 --> 01:08:11,713
has allowed armies of
grazers to thrive.
527
01:08:14,632 --> 01:08:17,635
They hold back the
smothering algae,
528
01:08:18,386 --> 01:08:20,722
giving the corals a
chance to recover.
529
01:08:24,434 --> 01:08:26,978
These are baby corals,
530
01:08:27,812 --> 01:08:30,732
new life emerging
from the wreckage.
531
01:08:34,444 --> 01:08:35,862
In some places,
532
01:08:36,195 --> 01:08:38,948
entire reefs have
come back to life.
533
01:08:57,550 --> 01:09:01,846
Protection from fishing has
made these the most resilient
534
01:09:01,929 --> 01:09:03,806
reefs on the planet.
535
01:09:18,196 --> 01:09:21,491
This is the power of protection.
536
01:09:30,124 --> 01:09:34,837
It is the same story in
every ocean of the world.
537
01:09:49,143 --> 01:09:53,022
If I asked you, "How much of
the ocean is truly protected?"
538
01:09:53,439 --> 01:09:55,900
What would you say, 20%?
539
01:09:56,442 --> 01:09:58,194
At least ten, surely?
540
01:09:58,986 --> 01:10:02,865
The answer is less than 3%,
541
01:10:03,324 --> 01:10:06,285
in practical terms, none of it.
542
01:10:09,372 --> 01:10:12,792
Many of the Marine Protected
Areas that do exist are
543
01:10:12,875 --> 01:10:16,462
exploited using destructive
forms of fishing,
544
01:10:16,546 --> 01:10:18,673
and are barely safe at all.
545
01:10:22,218 --> 01:10:25,555
To save it from collapse,
scientists have said we must
546
01:10:25,638 --> 01:10:28,433
fully protect at least a third.
547
01:10:29,183 --> 01:10:32,019
For it to work it should
be, for the most part,
548
01:10:32,103 --> 01:10:34,939
along our heavily
fished coastlines.
549
01:10:45,783 --> 01:10:48,911
And the area we choose
should also include those
550
01:10:48,995 --> 01:10:54,625
magnets for life out in
the open ocean, seamounts.
551
01:11:01,716 --> 01:11:04,010
If we can protect
areas on land,
552
01:11:04,093 --> 01:11:06,763
where the entire human
population requires
553
01:11:06,846 --> 01:11:08,431
space to live,
554
01:11:08,973 --> 01:11:11,476
surely we can
do it in the sea.
555
01:11:15,563 --> 01:11:19,400
Restoring the ocean is
for everyone on Earth.
556
01:11:26,657 --> 01:11:30,411
In front of us is a
chance to protect our climate,
557
01:11:30,703 --> 01:11:32,914
our food, our home.
558
01:11:35,082 --> 01:11:37,418
After a lifetime of
filming the natural world,
559
01:11:37,502 --> 01:11:40,671
I cannot remember a
more exciting opportunity
560
01:11:40,755 --> 01:11:42,256
for our species.
561
01:11:48,846 --> 01:11:51,474
This could be the
moment of change.
562
01:11:52,517 --> 01:11:56,395
Nearly every country on Earth
has just agreed, on paper,
563
01:11:56,479 --> 01:11:59,273
to achieve this bare
minimum and fully protect a
564
01:11:59,357 --> 01:12:01,484
third of the ocean.
565
01:12:03,694 --> 01:12:07,907
Together, we now face the
challenge of making it happen.
566
01:12:12,787 --> 01:12:15,039
Without the ocean, simply put,
567
01:12:15,122 --> 01:12:16,415
we wouldn't exist.
568
01:12:18,709 --> 01:12:20,169
The planet will go on.
569
01:12:20,253 --> 01:12:22,630
The question is,
will we be part of it?
570
01:12:25,508 --> 01:12:28,553
I like to
compare our fisheries to having
571
01:12:28,636 --> 01:12:30,388
an apple tree in the backyard.
572
01:12:31,472 --> 01:12:34,058
Do you want to pick all
your apples in one day?
573
01:12:35,393 --> 01:12:38,813
No, you want to go out and
you want to pick a few apples.
574
01:12:38,896 --> 01:12:40,481
You want to take what you need.
575
01:12:43,693 --> 01:12:45,903
I'm not
saying that people shouldn't
576
01:12:45,987 --> 01:12:48,364
catch fish, eat fish.
577
01:12:49,323 --> 01:12:51,659
And fishermen should be
able to make a living.
578
01:12:51,993 --> 01:12:56,414
But they shouldn't be
able to do it in a way that
579
01:12:56,497 --> 01:12:59,584
is just breaking everything.
580
01:13:02,795 --> 01:13:06,215
Our
community survives because
581
01:13:06,299 --> 01:13:07,216
of the ocean.
582
01:13:09,427 --> 01:13:13,347
The ocean gives life,
the ocean gives life.
583
01:13:16,142 --> 01:13:19,020
Success on a
global scale is possible.
584
01:13:19,478 --> 01:13:22,398
I've seen it myself once before.
585
01:13:30,656 --> 01:13:32,533
The pattern was familiar.
586
01:13:35,453 --> 01:13:38,164
Once whaling became
industrialized,
587
01:13:43,210 --> 01:13:48,257
it took just 100 years
until nearly all species were
588
01:13:48,341 --> 01:13:51,218
pushed to the edge
of extinction.
589
01:13:55,765 --> 01:13:58,517
The blues, the
largest of them all,
590
01:13:58,684 --> 01:14:02,271
were pursued
until only 1% remained.
591
01:14:05,358 --> 01:14:11,697
I remember thinking that was it,
there was no coming back.
592
01:14:12,782 --> 01:14:14,951
We had lost the great whales.
593
01:14:19,080 --> 01:14:24,210
Finally, lawmakers acted
on public pressure to ban
594
01:14:24,293 --> 01:14:25,586
commercial whaling.
595
01:14:27,546 --> 01:14:31,550
What followed was beyond
our wildest dreams.
596
01:14:38,432 --> 01:14:43,813
The number of humpback whales
in the South Atlantic tripled
597
01:14:43,896 --> 01:14:45,940
in just ten years.
598
01:14:56,283 --> 01:15:01,455
And scenes like these of fin
whales in Antarctica were
599
01:15:01,539 --> 01:15:04,500
unimaginable just 50 years ago.
600
01:15:16,804 --> 01:15:19,306
Even the greatest
of our ocean giants,
601
01:15:19,390 --> 01:15:20,766
the blue whale,
602
01:15:21,851 --> 01:15:24,353
hunted to the very
edge of extinction,
603
01:15:24,437 --> 01:15:26,397
has begun to return.
604
01:15:31,235 --> 01:15:35,156
I would never have imaged
that in just over a decade of
605
01:15:35,239 --> 01:15:39,660
whaling being banned, I
could encounter one myself.
606
01:15:41,037 --> 01:15:44,457
I can see its tail
just under my boat here
607
01:15:45,041 --> 01:15:46,834
And it’s coming up,
it’s coming up!
608
01:15:47,543 --> 01:15:48,669
There!
609
01:15:49,587 --> 01:15:55,176
Only in the sea can you
get such huge size as that
610
01:15:55,259 --> 01:15:57,053
magnificent creature.
611
01:16:03,350 --> 01:16:07,063
Now we are forging a
new relationship with
612
01:16:07,146 --> 01:16:08,981
these gentle creatures.
613
01:16:20,743 --> 01:16:22,995
A blue whale born today...
614
01:16:26,290 --> 01:16:29,585
...could live
for over 100 years.
615
01:16:37,009 --> 01:16:41,972
If we apply the same foresight
to save her home as we once did
616
01:16:42,056 --> 01:16:46,852
to save her species,
then she will witness
617
01:16:46,936 --> 01:16:48,813
a remarkable recovery.
618
01:17:11,794 --> 01:17:13,629
Through the course of my life,
619
01:17:14,046 --> 01:17:17,383
we have been on a
voyage of ocean discovery.
620
01:17:20,052 --> 01:17:22,096
And what a journey it has been.
621
01:17:28,519 --> 01:17:31,397
When I first saw the
sea as a young boy,
622
01:17:31,480 --> 01:17:35,609
it was thought of as a vast
wilderness to be tamed and
623
01:17:35,693 --> 01:17:38,279
mastered for the
benefit of humanity.
624
01:17:39,363 --> 01:17:42,158
Now, as I approach
the end of my life,
625
01:17:42,616 --> 01:17:44,743
we know the opposite is true.
626
01:17:49,498 --> 01:17:54,795
It is my great hope that we
all come to see the ocean not
627
01:17:54,879 --> 01:17:58,632
as a dark and distant
place with little relevance
628
01:17:58,716 --> 01:18:00,342
to our lives on land,
629
01:18:00,843 --> 01:18:04,346
but as the
lifeblood of our home.
630
01:18:07,683 --> 01:18:11,145
I'm sure that nothing
is more important.
631
01:18:16,358 --> 01:18:19,069
For if we save the sea...
632
01:18:23,991 --> 01:18:27,036
...we save our world.
633
01:21:05,986 --> 01:21:09,073
♪ In the end, it's just love ♪
634
01:21:11,617 --> 01:21:15,913
♪ In the end, it's just love ♪
635
01:21:19,875 --> 01:21:21,418
♪ Love ♪
636
01:21:23,629 --> 01:21:26,673
♪ In the end, it's just love ♪
637
01:21:29,134 --> 01:21:32,930
♪ In the end, it's just love ♪
638
01:21:35,307 --> 01:21:38,894
♪ In the end, it's just love ♪