1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:02:55,458 --> 00:02:57,858 Welcome to Benezette, Pennsylvania, 4 00:02:57,900 --> 00:03:00,048 the heart of Elk Country. 5 00:03:00,090 --> 00:03:02,268 Nestled in the Pennsylvania wilds, 6 00:03:02,310 --> 00:03:05,898 this small town is home to the largest free roaming elk herd 7 00:03:05,940 --> 00:03:07,998 east of the Mississippi River. 8 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:10,278 Their history and the conservation efforts 9 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:14,415 that have made this region a haven for wildlife enthusiasts. 10 00:03:45,810 --> 00:03:50,268 Let us begin our journey in the lush forest of Pennsylvania, 11 00:03:50,310 --> 00:03:51,618 where the Allegheny Mountains 12 00:03:51,660 --> 00:03:55,038 stretch their green cloak fingers toward the sky. 13 00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:57,318 A majestic creature roams with a presence 14 00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:00,138 as old as the hills, the elk. 15 00:04:00,180 --> 00:04:03,678 Pennsylvania's regal woodland monarch is a testament 16 00:04:03,720 --> 00:04:07,908 to nature's resilience and human conservation efforts. 17 00:04:07,950 --> 00:04:10,458 Once upon a time the eastern elk, 18 00:04:10,500 --> 00:04:12,828 a subspecies unique to the region, 19 00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:16,398 wondered freely across the state's expansive woodlands. 20 00:04:16,440 --> 00:04:18,978 Their bugles echoed through the valleys, 21 00:04:19,020 --> 00:04:20,478 and their antler silhouettes 22 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:23,208 stood proudly against the horizon. 23 00:04:23,250 --> 00:04:26,568 However, as settlers arrived and the land changed, 24 00:04:26,610 --> 00:04:29,448 the eastern elk faced a dire fate. 25 00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:31,068 By the late 1800s, 26 00:04:31,110 --> 00:04:34,518 the last native elk in Pennsylvania had vanished, 27 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:37,878 a ghost of the wilderness that once was. 28 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:41,508 But the story of the Pennsylvania elk did not end there. 29 00:04:41,550 --> 00:04:43,338 In the early 20th century, 30 00:04:43,380 --> 00:04:45,858 a vision for restoration took root. 31 00:04:45,900 --> 00:04:48,858 The Pennsylvania Game Commission recognizing the loss 32 00:04:48,900 --> 00:04:50,808 of this magnificent creature 33 00:04:50,850 --> 00:04:53,418 embarked on an ambitious project. 34 00:04:53,460 --> 00:04:56,508 Between 1913 and 1926, 35 00:04:56,550 --> 00:04:59,928 they released 177 Rocky Mountain elk 36 00:04:59,970 --> 00:05:02,538 into the wilds of Pennsylvania. 37 00:05:02,580 --> 00:05:04,308 These transplants adapted, 38 00:05:04,350 --> 00:05:07,848 thrived and multiplied giving rise to a new chapter 39 00:05:07,890 --> 00:05:10,038 in the state's natural history. 40 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:13,758 Today, over a thousand elk roam to Pennsylvania wilds, 41 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:15,888 their numbers at tribute to the success 42 00:05:15,930 --> 00:05:19,608 of one of the most remarkable wildlife restoration stories 43 00:05:19,650 --> 00:05:21,078 in the northeast. 44 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,568 Visitors from near and far come to witness 45 00:05:23,610 --> 00:05:25,788 these giants of the forest, 46 00:05:25,830 --> 00:05:27,618 to hear their haunting calls 47 00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:29,418 and to feel the pulse of the wild 48 00:05:29,460 --> 00:05:32,366 that beats strong in the heart of Pennsylvania. 49 00:07:22,650 --> 00:07:25,788 The elk of Pennsylvania are more than just animals. 50 00:07:25,830 --> 00:07:28,968 They're symbols of hope of what can be achieved when we work 51 00:07:29,010 --> 00:07:31,428 with nature rather than against it. 52 00:07:31,470 --> 00:07:34,938 They remind us that even when something precious is lost, 53 00:07:34,980 --> 00:07:36,948 with care and dedication, 54 00:07:36,990 --> 00:07:40,308 it can be brought back to grace the earth once more. 55 00:07:40,350 --> 00:07:43,608 And so, the elk continue to write their narrative, 56 00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:46,638 one that is intertwined with the very essence 57 00:07:46,680 --> 00:07:49,084 of Pennsylvania's wild spirits. 58 00:07:53,490 --> 00:07:57,198 Elk in Pennsylvania exhibit a range of fascinating behaviors 59 00:07:57,240 --> 00:07:59,388 that reflect their complex social structures 60 00:07:59,430 --> 00:08:01,908 and adaptability to the environment. 61 00:08:01,950 --> 00:08:04,263 Here are some insights into their behavior. 62 00:08:05,490 --> 00:08:06,828 Rutting season. 63 00:08:06,870 --> 00:08:07,998 During the early fall, 64 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,808 male elk enter the breeding season known as the rut. 65 00:08:11,850 --> 00:08:14,538 This period is marked by captivating displays 66 00:08:14,580 --> 00:08:17,958 of dominance such as bugling, antler wrestling, 67 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:20,298 and herding groups of females. 68 00:08:20,340 --> 00:08:23,838 The bugle is a unique call that can be heard from miles 69 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:26,628 used by mature bulls to attract females 70 00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:29,051 and assert dominance over other males. 71 00:09:27,330 --> 00:09:28,128 Diet. 72 00:09:28,170 --> 00:09:29,928 Classified as herbivores, 73 00:09:29,970 --> 00:09:33,438 elk primarily graze on grasses and forbs such as Timothy, 74 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:34,848 alfalfa, clovers, 75 00:09:34,890 --> 00:09:37,612 and other cool and warm season grasses. 76 00:09:42,630 --> 00:09:43,728 Elk are herd animals 77 00:09:43,770 --> 00:09:45,753 and exhibit behaviors that ensure the survival 78 00:09:45,795 --> 00:09:47,988 and wellbeing of the group. 79 00:09:48,030 --> 00:09:50,388 They move together, feed together, 80 00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:53,311 and even protect each other from potential threats. 81 00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:04,848 Elk may migrate seasonally to find food, 82 00:10:04,890 --> 00:10:07,428 moving from higher elevations in the summer 83 00:10:07,470 --> 00:10:09,814 to lower areas in the winter. 84 00:10:48,900 --> 00:10:51,438 Female elk called cows give birth to calves 85 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:53,628 in the late spring and early summer. 86 00:10:53,670 --> 00:10:56,268 Calves are born with spots that help camouflage them 87 00:10:56,310 --> 00:10:57,549 from predators. 88 00:11:18,810 --> 00:11:22,038 Bull elk grow and shed their antlers annually. 89 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:25,248 The antlers, which can be quite large and impressive 90 00:11:25,290 --> 00:11:27,993 are used during the rut to compete for mates. 91 00:11:29,250 --> 00:11:31,818 Understanding these behaviors is essential 92 00:11:31,860 --> 00:11:34,368 for wildlife enthusiasts and conservationists 93 00:11:34,410 --> 00:11:36,858 who visit Pennsylvania's Elk Country, 94 00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:39,018 as it helps ensure that the wild essence 95 00:11:39,060 --> 00:11:42,398 of the elk herd remains for generations to come. 96 00:12:12,354 --> 00:12:15,108 What is the best time to observe elk in Pennsylvania, 97 00:12:15,150 --> 00:12:16,428 you may ask? 98 00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:19,368 Well, the best time to observe elk in Pennsylvania 99 00:12:19,410 --> 00:12:21,408 is during the mornings and evenings. 100 00:12:21,450 --> 00:12:24,288 These are the times when elk are most active. 101 00:12:24,330 --> 00:12:26,418 Additionally, the most popular time of year 102 00:12:26,460 --> 00:12:29,328 for elk viewing is during the rutting season, 103 00:12:29,370 --> 00:12:31,248 which typically begins in September 104 00:12:31,290 --> 00:12:33,528 and carries through October. 105 00:12:33,570 --> 00:12:37,128 During this period, elk are more active throughout the day, 106 00:12:37,170 --> 00:12:39,468 making it an ideal time for visitors 107 00:12:39,510 --> 00:12:43,758 to witness their fascinating behaviors and interactions. 108 00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:45,798 For an optimal viewing experience, 109 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:48,348 you might want to visit Elk Country Visitor Center 110 00:12:48,390 --> 00:12:49,398 in Benezette, 111 00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:52,668 which is a prime location for elk observation. 112 00:12:52,710 --> 00:12:56,028 They suggest that early morning or the hours before dark 113 00:12:56,070 --> 00:12:58,188 are the best times to see elk. 114 00:12:58,230 --> 00:13:00,048 Remember to keep a safe distance 115 00:13:00,090 --> 00:13:03,078 and respect the wildlife as elk are wild animals 116 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:04,638 and it's important to observe them 117 00:13:04,680 --> 00:13:06,763 without causing any disturbance. 118 00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:03,918 Pennsylvania elk are fascinating animals. 119 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:05,478 They use a variety of methods 120 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:07,518 to communicate with each other. 121 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:09,348 They use sounds, smells, 122 00:15:09,390 --> 00:15:12,198 and body language to convey different messages 123 00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:16,323 such as mating, warning, aggression, or social bonding. 124 00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:21,138 Here are some examples of how they communicate, sounds. 125 00:15:21,180 --> 00:15:24,138 Elk are known for their distinctive vocalizations, 126 00:15:24,180 --> 00:15:26,253 especially during the rutting season. 127 00:15:27,270 --> 00:15:31,128 They produce different types of calls such as bugles, barks, 128 00:15:31,170 --> 00:15:34,188 chirps, muse, and grunts. 129 00:15:34,230 --> 00:15:37,248 Each call has a specific meaning and function. 130 00:15:37,290 --> 00:15:40,308 For instance, bugles are loud and high-pitched calls 131 00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:43,878 that bulls use to attract cows, challenge rivals, 132 00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:46,008 or announce their presence. 133 00:15:46,050 --> 00:15:47,658 Barks are short and sharp sounds 134 00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:49,668 that elk use to alert others of danger 135 00:15:49,710 --> 00:15:52,158 or to warn off intruders. 136 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,378 Chirps are soft and high-pitched sounds 137 00:15:54,420 --> 00:15:58,218 that cows and calves use to stay in contact with each other. 138 00:15:58,260 --> 00:16:00,048 Muse are low in nasal sounds 139 00:16:00,090 --> 00:16:03,018 that elk use to express curiosity, contentment, 140 00:16:03,060 --> 00:16:04,908 or submission. 141 00:16:04,950 --> 00:16:08,058 Grunts are low in guttural sounds that bulls use 142 00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,408 to show dominance or aggression. 143 00:17:04,230 --> 00:17:07,638 Ultimately, cows have a say in the selection process. 144 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:10,218 They may choose to mate with a bull that has won the right 145 00:17:10,260 --> 00:17:12,798 to the harem or seek out other bulls 146 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:16,038 if they perceive a better genetic match. 147 00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:19,338 The rut is a dynamic and competitive time for elk 148 00:17:19,380 --> 00:17:22,038 with each sex playing a role in the selection of mates 149 00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:25,263 to ensure the strength and survival of the species. 150 00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:27,858 Bulls that do not win a harem 151 00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:29,658 during the rut season in Pennsylvania 152 00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:32,098 may experience several outcomes. 153 00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,265 Bulls without harems often lead solitary lives 154 00:17:35,307 --> 00:17:38,688 or form small bachelor groups with other bulls. 155 00:17:38,730 --> 00:17:40,938 These groups are typically composed of younger 156 00:17:40,980 --> 00:17:43,218 or less dominant males. 157 00:17:43,260 --> 00:17:45,828 They may continue to challenge dominant bulls 158 00:17:45,870 --> 00:17:47,928 in hopes of taking over a harem 159 00:17:47,970 --> 00:17:51,078 or attracting cows form their own group. 160 00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:53,088 Some bulls may wait for an opportunity 161 00:17:53,130 --> 00:17:55,818 when a dominant bull is distracted or weakened 162 00:17:55,860 --> 00:17:58,368 to attempt to take over the harem. 163 00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:01,458 Unsuccessful bulls will often spend the rest of the year 164 00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:03,198 preparing for the next rut, 165 00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:06,408 improving their strength and size to increase their chances 166 00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,018 of winning a harem in the future. 167 00:18:09,060 --> 00:18:12,018 Without the responsibility of defending a harem, 168 00:18:12,060 --> 00:18:13,998 these bulls can focus on feeding 169 00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:15,648 and avoiding predators, 170 00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:18,273 which may increase their chances of survival. 171 00:18:19,110 --> 00:18:21,918 It's a competitive world for elk during the rut, 172 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:25,428 and not all bulls will be successful in winning a harem. 173 00:18:25,470 --> 00:18:27,288 However, they adapt their strategies 174 00:18:27,330 --> 00:18:30,334 and behaviors to maximize their chances in the future. 175 00:19:46,950 --> 00:19:49,908 Elk migration patterns are a fascinating display 176 00:19:49,950 --> 00:19:52,128 of nature's adaptability. 177 00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:54,588 Elk are typically seasonal migrants 178 00:19:54,630 --> 00:19:56,538 inhabiting mid and upper elevations 179 00:19:56,580 --> 00:19:58,158 from spring through fall, 180 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,488 and then moving to lower elevations onto winter ranges 181 00:20:01,530 --> 00:20:03,603 to escape snow and bitter cold. 182 00:20:04,470 --> 00:20:07,878 Elk migrations are driven by environmental cues. 183 00:20:07,920 --> 00:20:10,578 They follow these signs to move from the winter ranges 184 00:20:10,620 --> 00:20:14,688 and valleys to summer ranges and high mountain plateaus. 185 00:20:14,730 --> 00:20:16,818 The timing and routes of migration 186 00:20:16,860 --> 00:20:19,398 mostly follows seasonal vegetation growth 187 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:21,768 and changes in snow depth. 188 00:20:21,810 --> 00:20:24,078 After winters with high snowpack, 189 00:20:24,120 --> 00:20:26,166 elk tend to delay their migration. 190 00:20:26,208 --> 00:20:28,998 Conversely, with years in lower snowpack 191 00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:33,198 and earlier vegetation greenup, elk migrate earlier. 192 00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:35,598 Research combining GPS tracking data 193 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:39,138 with satellite imagery has created comprehensive models 194 00:20:39,180 --> 00:20:41,838 of what drives these animals to move. 195 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:44,448 Immediate environmental conditions have been found 196 00:20:44,490 --> 00:20:48,445 to be very effective predictors of when migration occurs. 197 00:20:48,487 --> 00:20:51,948 As climate change reshapes the weather and environment, 198 00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:55,188 elk have shown the means to adjust their migratory patterns 199 00:20:55,230 --> 00:20:57,378 to match the new conditions. 200 00:20:57,420 --> 00:21:00,498 This adaptability is crucial for their survival, 201 00:21:00,540 --> 00:21:03,933 but may also have unknown effects on local ecosystems. 202 00:21:05,310 --> 00:21:08,778 These patterns are essential for understanding elk behavior 203 00:21:08,820 --> 00:21:10,998 and ensuring their conservation 204 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:12,528 as they highlight the importance 205 00:21:12,570 --> 00:21:15,378 of preserving migration corridors and habitats 206 00:21:15,420 --> 00:21:17,270 that are critical for their survival. 207 00:21:20,580 --> 00:21:23,898 The restoration of primary predators like grizzly bears 208 00:21:23,940 --> 00:21:24,731 and wolves, 209 00:21:24,773 --> 00:21:26,178 mean that elk must navigate 210 00:21:26,220 --> 00:21:29,697 through more dangerous landscapes during their migrations. 211 00:30:34,783 --> 00:30:36,318 The elk is one of the largest animals 212 00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:37,518 in North America. 213 00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:39,528 Seeing a majestic bull elk in the wild 214 00:30:39,570 --> 00:30:42,678 is an extraordinary event and something you'll never forget. 215 00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:43,908 The fall is mating season, 216 00:30:43,950 --> 00:30:46,098 so the elk tend to congregate in the open meadows 217 00:30:46,140 --> 00:30:48,768 and fields, which is great for wildlife watching. 218 00:30:48,810 --> 00:30:49,601 This time of year, 219 00:30:49,643 --> 00:30:52,578 males have giant antlers being four feet long. 220 00:30:52,620 --> 00:30:54,558 They use them to wrestle rival males. 221 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:57,078 Bull elks also challenge each other by bugling, 222 00:30:57,120 --> 00:30:59,538 one of the most distinctive sounds in nature. 223 00:30:59,580 --> 00:31:02,208 Their bugling can be heard for miles throughout the region. 224 00:31:02,250 --> 00:31:04,998 The best time to hear it is early and late in the day. 225 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:07,458 It may sound like a whole lot of squealing to you, 226 00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:09,708 but it's music to the ears of cow elk. 227 00:31:09,750 --> 00:31:12,738 The females are attracted to the males that bugle most often 228 00:31:12,780 --> 00:31:14,545 and have the loudest call. 229 00:31:40,710 --> 00:31:42,078 Okay, my name's Doty McDowell. 230 00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:43,758 I'm a wildlife conservation officer 231 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:45,108 with the Pennsylvania Game Commission, 232 00:31:45,150 --> 00:31:47,988 and we're here at the elk viewing area 233 00:31:48,030 --> 00:31:49,563 on Winslow Hill in Elk County. 234 00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:53,988 We're basically overlooking a food plot 235 00:31:54,030 --> 00:31:56,979 that was put in to attract elk, 236 00:31:57,021 --> 00:32:00,806 and this viewing area was basically created 237 00:32:00,848 --> 00:32:03,318 as more of a people management tool 238 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:04,904 than wildlife management. 239 00:32:04,946 --> 00:32:07,368 We wanted to provide an area where people could go 240 00:32:07,410 --> 00:32:11,178 and view elk and enjoy the outdoors 241 00:32:11,220 --> 00:32:14,928 with minimal impacts on the local private landowners. 242 00:32:14,970 --> 00:32:16,878 It's no accident that elk are often 243 00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:19,668 in the meadows beyond usually at dawn and dusk. 244 00:32:19,710 --> 00:32:22,638 This location has the mix of meadows, forests, water, 245 00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:25,903 and isolation from humans that elk need to thrive. 246 00:32:25,945 --> 00:32:28,608 Through the efforts of the Pennsylvania Game Commission 247 00:32:28,650 --> 00:32:30,768 and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation 248 00:32:30,810 --> 00:32:32,268 and Natural Resources, 249 00:32:32,310 --> 00:32:34,548 along with the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation 250 00:32:34,590 --> 00:32:36,798 and other conservation and school groups, 251 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:39,438 this is now excellent elk habitat. 252 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:41,238 To entice elk from private lands, 253 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:44,388 meadows of clover, oats, rye, Timothy, wheat, 254 00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:46,671 and buckwheat have been created on public lands 255 00:32:46,713 --> 00:32:49,023 such as this reclaimed strip line. 256 00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:52,950 Elk are native to Pennsylvania. 257 00:32:54,420 --> 00:32:56,543 Depending on what a historical count you read, 258 00:32:56,585 --> 00:32:59,568 the last elk who was native Pennsylvania 259 00:32:59,610 --> 00:33:02,521 was harvested somewhere around 1867 260 00:33:02,563 --> 00:33:04,323 near the town of St. Mary's. 261 00:33:05,460 --> 00:33:08,628 Then in 1913, the Game Commission brought elk back in 262 00:33:08,670 --> 00:33:10,424 and they brought 'em in Rocky Mountain elk, 263 00:33:10,466 --> 00:33:13,398 and they brought 'em from Jackson Hole, Wyoming. 264 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:17,580 They brought about 177 elk in from 1913 to 1923. 265 00:33:19,980 --> 00:33:24,498 Now, those 177 elk were actually placed 266 00:33:24,540 --> 00:33:27,408 in 10 different counties in the state of Pennsylvania. 267 00:33:27,450 --> 00:33:29,808 I think it's ironic though that the last stronghold 268 00:33:29,850 --> 00:33:34,233 of those 177 were actually in Elk County. 269 00:33:35,304 --> 00:33:38,268 Elk eat almost constantly during the summer. 270 00:33:38,310 --> 00:33:40,728 They keep feeding morning, afternoon, evening, 271 00:33:40,770 --> 00:33:42,348 and even in the middle of the night 272 00:33:42,390 --> 00:33:45,228 although they feed more often at dawn and dusk. 273 00:33:45,270 --> 00:33:46,248 They are building up fat 274 00:33:46,290 --> 00:33:48,018 in preparation for the mating season 275 00:33:48,060 --> 00:33:49,908 and then the long winter. 276 00:33:49,950 --> 00:33:51,708 If people had to eat and chew their food 277 00:33:51,750 --> 00:33:53,598 as much as elk do in the summer, 278 00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,418 we would have less than 10 free minutes every hour 279 00:33:56,460 --> 00:33:57,513 for other activities. 280 00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:01,428 One elk feeding alone is vulnerable to predators, 281 00:34:01,470 --> 00:34:04,158 but elk feeding in herds are much safer. 282 00:34:04,200 --> 00:34:06,198 At least one animal will have its head up 283 00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:08,103 listening in wobble while others eat. 284 00:34:08,940 --> 00:34:11,973 Elk are even safer when they're resting and ruminating. 285 00:34:13,110 --> 00:34:15,168 Elk tolerate heat much better than a deer 286 00:34:15,210 --> 00:34:17,658 that often share the same summer habitat. 287 00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:20,928 Deer seek shelter and may stop feeding during a hot spell, 288 00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:23,448 but elk can sweat more to cool off. 289 00:34:23,490 --> 00:34:25,008 Still, during a hot spell, 290 00:34:25,050 --> 00:34:27,138 they may retreat to north and east slopes 291 00:34:27,180 --> 00:34:29,478 to take shelter among the trees. 292 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:31,338 They may also stay near water 293 00:34:31,380 --> 00:34:34,128 and sometimes they stand in a stream or pond. 294 00:34:34,170 --> 00:34:37,068 Elk will sometimes wallow and cover themselves in mud, 295 00:34:37,110 --> 00:34:39,078 which absorbs body heat as it dries 296 00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:41,748 and also protects them from biting insects. 297 00:34:41,790 --> 00:34:45,288 Elk might also head to cooler breezier high country. 298 00:34:45,330 --> 00:34:47,718 Bull elk also carry around air conditioners 299 00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:50,508 that cows don't have, antlers. 300 00:34:50,550 --> 00:34:52,578 Air cools the blood flowing through the velvet, 301 00:34:52,620 --> 00:34:54,670 which then helps to cool the bull's body. 302 00:34:57,210 --> 00:34:59,538 When food is abundant and elk are healthy, 303 00:34:59,580 --> 00:35:02,208 they do what many animals do, they play. 304 00:35:02,250 --> 00:35:03,948 They dash about leaping and kicking, 305 00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:06,018 squealing and calling to each other. 306 00:35:06,060 --> 00:35:06,851 They wriggle, 307 00:35:06,893 --> 00:35:09,168 taking turns to splash through ponds and puddles. 308 00:35:09,210 --> 00:35:11,688 Then as suddenly as they started frolicking, 309 00:35:11,730 --> 00:35:13,653 they quiet down and return to feeding. 310 00:35:15,630 --> 00:35:19,158 I can tell you that we have roughly 100 elk 311 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:20,778 that have collars on 'em. 312 00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:23,898 Radio transmitting collars that our biologists 313 00:35:23,940 --> 00:35:26,733 are using for various things. 314 00:35:27,910 --> 00:35:29,628 We have some research going on. 315 00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:31,698 We're doing a cast survival study. 316 00:35:31,740 --> 00:35:36,228 So if you see younger animals with a solid green, 317 00:35:36,270 --> 00:35:37,818 looks like an expandable collar, 318 00:35:37,860 --> 00:35:39,798 that's probably what that's for. 319 00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:42,078 And then the adults are gonna have 320 00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:45,048 mainly just this big weather collar on 321 00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:48,858 with a big yellow and black number on the side. 322 00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:53,838 And that number really is just for us to identify 323 00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:55,023 during the elk survey. 324 00:35:55,890 --> 00:35:56,853 In the olden days, 325 00:35:57,810 --> 00:35:59,988 the only way we could identify an animal 326 00:36:00,030 --> 00:36:04,008 during the elk survey was through a telemetry receiver 327 00:36:04,050 --> 00:36:06,078 to track down what frequency that elk was. 328 00:36:06,120 --> 00:36:10,368 So we've placed these numbering cards 329 00:36:10,410 --> 00:36:12,078 or plaques on the side of their collar, 330 00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:14,388 so we don't need telemetry equipment. 331 00:36:14,430 --> 00:36:15,378 You can just look at the number 332 00:36:15,420 --> 00:36:17,633 and then you can identify which animal it is. 333 00:36:18,810 --> 00:36:21,108 Cows and bulls often occupy different areas 334 00:36:21,150 --> 00:36:22,548 of their winter range. 335 00:36:22,590 --> 00:36:24,648 Bulls may retreat to high snowy meadows 336 00:36:24,690 --> 00:36:27,738 where the food is adequate, but not especially nutritious. 337 00:36:27,780 --> 00:36:30,738 A group of cows and calves may inhabit a south facing slope 338 00:36:30,780 --> 00:36:34,278 that is free of snow and covered with nutritious grass. 339 00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:36,198 This behavior ensures better survival 340 00:36:36,240 --> 00:36:37,593 for the cows and calves. 341 00:36:39,210 --> 00:36:42,558 When the snow gets too deep, usually more than one foot, 342 00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:45,708 elk may look for shrubs to eat or move to forested areas 343 00:36:45,750 --> 00:36:48,228 where they can eat twigs and bark. 344 00:36:48,270 --> 00:36:50,598 Thick stands of trees also shelter the elk 345 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:51,753 from wind and cold. 346 00:36:52,740 --> 00:36:55,368 Winters with heavy snow aren't necessarily a problem 347 00:36:55,410 --> 00:36:56,201 for elk. 348 00:36:56,243 --> 00:36:58,068 But if the winter is extremely cold, 349 00:36:58,110 --> 00:37:01,338 has exceptionally deep snow, and lasts a long time, 350 00:37:01,380 --> 00:37:02,763 many elk may die. 351 00:37:03,660 --> 00:37:05,988 Those that survive a severe winter danger 352 00:37:06,030 --> 00:37:08,028 because their fat reserves are depleted, 353 00:37:08,070 --> 00:37:10,488 an adult elk may starve in that lean time 354 00:37:10,530 --> 00:37:12,480 before the new growth of spring begins. 355 00:37:16,590 --> 00:37:18,258 Each spring bulls shed their antlers 356 00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:19,908 and the cycle begins again, 357 00:37:19,950 --> 00:37:21,438 growing as much as an inch a day, 358 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:23,328 even the largest rack of antlers will be back 359 00:37:23,370 --> 00:37:25,893 to its full glory before fall mating season. 360 00:37:29,610 --> 00:37:31,548 Yeah, the bulls will claim as many as they can. 361 00:37:31,590 --> 00:37:32,778 It's really kind of funny, 362 00:37:32,820 --> 00:37:35,988 early on in the season before the rut really kicks in, 363 00:37:36,030 --> 00:37:37,848 you'll see a smaller bull 364 00:37:37,890 --> 00:37:39,318 and he'll have a whole group of cows 365 00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:40,848 and he'll feel pretty proud of himself. 366 00:37:40,890 --> 00:37:43,248 And then all of a sudden the cows will start 367 00:37:43,290 --> 00:37:45,678 becoming estrus and the bulls pick that up from, 368 00:37:45,720 --> 00:37:47,898 and all of a sudden they'll come in 369 00:37:47,940 --> 00:37:49,758 and they'll kick these little bulls out, 370 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,298 and they'll claim that herd as theirs. 371 00:37:53,340 --> 00:37:55,000 And it's a constant battle. 372 00:37:55,042 --> 00:37:56,538 There isn't a day that goes by 373 00:37:56,580 --> 00:37:59,178 that these bulls don't have to defend their harem 374 00:37:59,220 --> 00:38:00,011 from other bulls. 375 00:38:00,053 --> 00:38:02,418 And sometimes a bull will have a harem for two or three days 376 00:38:02,460 --> 00:38:04,158 and a bigger bull come in and knock 'em out. 377 00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:05,268 And that's just the way the game. 378 00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:06,768 But it's a constant battle. 379 00:38:06,810 --> 00:38:11,178 And if you really wanna get a good view of bulls 380 00:38:11,220 --> 00:38:12,678 right after the rut's the best time 381 00:38:12,720 --> 00:38:13,608 'cause they're pretty tired, 382 00:38:13,650 --> 00:38:15,918 and you'll find them just kind of laying around 383 00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:18,408 really trying to gain their energy and feed for the winter. 384 00:38:18,450 --> 00:38:21,648 But it's kinda comical to see them 385 00:38:21,690 --> 00:38:23,658 at the end of a long breeding season 386 00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:26,463 because they are pretty exhausted and fatigued. 387 00:38:37,110 --> 00:38:40,428 Depending on the season, obviously in the warmer weather, 388 00:38:40,470 --> 00:38:43,308 you're not gonna catch elk out moving around in the daytime. 389 00:38:43,350 --> 00:38:46,398 The best time to see 'em is the last hour of daylight, 390 00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:48,498 the first hour of daylight. 391 00:38:48,540 --> 00:38:51,408 But I would encourage you that sometimes 392 00:38:51,450 --> 00:38:54,948 just hearing them is exciting as seeing them. 393 00:38:54,990 --> 00:38:57,318 And a lot of folks, as soon as it gets dark, 394 00:38:57,360 --> 00:39:01,008 they just drive off the hill and a lot of fun can be had 395 00:39:01,050 --> 00:39:02,658 even if you just drive up here with the viewing area 396 00:39:02,700 --> 00:39:03,738 and you shut your vehicle off, 397 00:39:03,780 --> 00:39:05,808 and just roll the windows down, listen to 'em bugle. 398 00:39:05,850 --> 00:39:08,313 It can be really amazing sound. 399 00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:10,488 But yeah, I mean, 400 00:39:10,530 --> 00:39:14,418 as the winter gets on and as the weather gets colder, 401 00:39:14,460 --> 00:39:17,118 you'll actually see elk out more during the day too, 402 00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:19,278 because they're actually sitting out in the open 403 00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:20,688 and soaking up the heat of the sun 404 00:39:20,730 --> 00:39:22,668 and trying to keep their energy levels up. 405 00:39:22,710 --> 00:39:25,488 But typically, as long as the weather's not cold, 406 00:39:25,530 --> 00:39:27,318 you'll see 'em in the evenings, in the mornings, 407 00:39:27,360 --> 00:39:28,518 and then pretty much during the day 408 00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:31,110 they'll be laying in a cold spot or out of the sun. 409 00:39:34,350 --> 00:39:35,268 On my visit, 410 00:39:35,310 --> 00:39:36,858 we were traveling the stretch of road 411 00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:38,628 between the two viewing areas 412 00:39:38,670 --> 00:39:40,548 and saw cars parked everywhere. 413 00:39:40,590 --> 00:39:42,018 When we got a little closer, 414 00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:45,438 we saw a huge bull elk standing in a front eating apples 415 00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:47,598 that had fallen on the ground around the tree, 416 00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:50,298 paying no attention to cameras and the tourists, 417 00:39:50,340 --> 00:39:52,563 the huge elk just kept munching away. 418 00:39:55,530 --> 00:39:58,338 Not any major incidents that I'm aware of. 419 00:39:58,380 --> 00:40:00,948 I hear stories about things that have happened, 420 00:40:00,990 --> 00:40:03,438 but I don't know of any instances 421 00:40:03,480 --> 00:40:07,878 where anybody's been injured or anything like that. 422 00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:10,488 Constantly see people getting, as far as I'm concerned, 423 00:40:10,530 --> 00:40:11,628 way too close to these animals. 424 00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:12,618 They are wild animals, 425 00:40:12,660 --> 00:40:15,498 but I know up here on Winslow Hill now 426 00:40:15,540 --> 00:40:17,118 this area's never been open to hunting. 427 00:40:17,160 --> 00:40:18,513 This is a closed area. 428 00:40:19,590 --> 00:40:20,868 So these elk are a little different. 429 00:40:20,910 --> 00:40:24,648 They don't really have any natural fear of wildlife 430 00:40:24,690 --> 00:40:26,028 or of humans, 431 00:40:26,070 --> 00:40:30,018 so they probably don't really worry too much about it. 432 00:40:30,060 --> 00:40:31,728 Humans have never posed a threat to 'em, 433 00:40:31,770 --> 00:40:33,948 so they will tolerate. 434 00:40:33,990 --> 00:40:36,198 Please be cautious when viewing the elk. 435 00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:38,148 While these animals appear to be tame, 436 00:40:38,190 --> 00:40:39,708 they are still wild animals 437 00:40:39,750 --> 00:40:41,988 and natural instincts will take over. 438 00:40:42,030 --> 00:40:44,598 Also, be cautious while driving in the area. 439 00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:47,658 When the speed limit sign says 35 miles per hour, 440 00:40:47,700 --> 00:40:49,428 do take key to this warning. 441 00:40:49,470 --> 00:40:51,708 These animals weigh at least 700 pounds 442 00:40:51,750 --> 00:40:54,138 and hitting something this large with your vehicle 443 00:40:54,180 --> 00:40:56,493 will certainly do some major damage. 444 00:41:57,390 --> 00:42:00,408 When visiting areas like Benezette in Pennsylvania, 445 00:42:00,450 --> 00:42:02,178 where elk are a common site, 446 00:42:02,220 --> 00:42:04,578 it's important to follow specific guidelines 447 00:42:04,620 --> 00:42:08,058 to ensure both your safety and the wellbeing of the elk. 448 00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:11,328 Maintain a safe distance from any elk you see, 449 00:42:11,370 --> 00:42:13,668 at least 100 feet or more. 450 00:42:13,710 --> 00:42:17,403 Elk are large wild animals and can be unpredictable. 451 00:42:19,740 --> 00:42:21,888 Feeding elk is not only unsafe, 452 00:42:21,930 --> 00:42:24,738 but also illegal in Pennsylvania. 453 00:42:24,780 --> 00:42:28,488 It can alter their natural foraging behavior and diet. 454 00:42:28,530 --> 00:42:31,008 At places like the Elk Country Visitor Center, 455 00:42:31,050 --> 00:42:34,608 you must stay on the gravel path behind viewing walls 456 00:42:34,650 --> 00:42:36,168 and may not enter the fields 457 00:42:36,210 --> 00:42:39,228 or wooded areas surrounding the center. 458 00:42:39,270 --> 00:42:42,168 Take use from the elk's body language. 459 00:42:42,210 --> 00:42:44,538 If they seem alerted or stressed 460 00:42:44,580 --> 00:42:47,508 back away and give them space. 461 00:42:47,550 --> 00:42:50,178 Do not stop in the road to view elk, 462 00:42:50,220 --> 00:42:52,428 pull off immediately onto the shoulder, 463 00:42:52,470 --> 00:42:54,708 and do not block traffic. 464 00:42:54,750 --> 00:42:58,428 Never attempt to approach, touch, or feed elk. 465 00:42:58,470 --> 00:42:59,538 Leave your pets at home, 466 00:42:59,580 --> 00:43:04,158 especially dogs as they can stress and disturb the wildlife. 467 00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:05,688 By following these guidelines, 468 00:43:05,730 --> 00:43:08,928 visitors can enjoy observing these magnificent creatures 469 00:43:08,970 --> 00:43:11,778 without negatively impacting their natural behavior 470 00:43:11,820 --> 00:43:12,731 and habitat. 471 00:43:42,180 --> 00:43:44,178 Thank you for joining us on this journey 472 00:43:44,220 --> 00:43:46,266 through Benezette Pennsylvania.