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♪♪
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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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[Bradley] These presses
normally turn out
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a half million copies
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of Washington's
only morning newspaper.
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But night before last,
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00:00:40,660 --> 00:00:42,620
according to officials
of The Washington Post,
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00:00:42,620 --> 00:00:45,300
the press men set fires,
slashed plates,
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00:00:45,300 --> 00:00:48,170
removed parts and
destroyed equipment just hours
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after their contract expired
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00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,340
and The Post was forced
to shut down.
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A spokesman for the company
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00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:57,140
that makes the printing
and folding machines
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said he'd seen damage like this
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00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:00,810
in other countries
due to political unrest,
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00:01:00,810 --> 00:01:04,110
but never before
in the United States.
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[crowd chanting indistinctly]
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[Katharine] We were stunned
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00:01:12,990 --> 00:01:14,570
by having the presses
so badly damaged,
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00:01:14,570 --> 00:01:16,910
electrical wiring
had been ripped out.
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00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:19,080
Essential operating
parts removed
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00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:21,500
and newsprint rolls slashed.
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00:01:23,710 --> 00:01:28,920
[chanting "Boycott The Post!"]
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[Katharine] The tensions for all
of us were indescribable,
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00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,970
and the strain on me was the
worst I have ever experienced.
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The uncertainties,
the complications,
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00:01:42,100 --> 00:01:44,600
the violence against
the people who were working
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were all overwhelming.
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00:01:46,610 --> 00:01:51,820
♪♪
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I didn't really see
how we were going to manage.
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00:01:58,030 --> 00:02:00,870
I felt desperate
and secretly wondered
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00:02:00,870 --> 00:02:05,750
if I might have blown the
whole thing and lost the paper.
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00:02:10,380 --> 00:02:11,590
[Jennings] She is one
of the most powerful women
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00:02:11,590 --> 00:02:13,010
in the country.
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00:02:13,010 --> 00:02:15,680
She led an important
American newspaper
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00:02:15,680 --> 00:02:17,680
through very important times.
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00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:19,930
[Brokaw] A woman born
to great wealth and privilege,
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00:02:19,930 --> 00:02:22,520
a woman who then struggled
to find her own identity
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00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:25,350
when she went through
a wrenching personal tragedy.
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00:02:25,350 --> 00:02:28,520
[Walters] From homemaker to
the head of a publishing empire.
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00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:29,980
[Brokaw] The woman is
Katharine Graham,
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00:02:29,980 --> 00:02:31,940
publisher
of The Washington Post,
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00:02:31,940 --> 00:02:34,650
the grand dame
of American journalism.
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00:02:34,650 --> 00:02:37,070
[Male reporter]
Much has been made of Katharine Graham's social ties
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00:02:37,070 --> 00:02:39,330
to the movers and shakers
of the world
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00:02:39,330 --> 00:02:42,870
that have included everyone
from LBJ to Warren Buffett.
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00:02:42,870 --> 00:02:45,080
[Warren] I've had a number
of heroes in life,
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00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:48,710
and Kay Graham was
definitely a hero of mine.
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[Warren] She was an accidental
publisher of what became
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00:02:52,170 --> 00:02:55,720
the most important paper
in the United States
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00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:58,930
at a crucial time
in the history of the country.
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[Walters] Your life in many ways
is like two separate lives.
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00:03:03,060 --> 00:03:06,640
How would you describe
each life in a nutshell?
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00:03:06,640 --> 00:03:09,230
Doormat wife.
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00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:11,520
Working woman.
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00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,650
[Rose] Now she has written a
very candid account of her life.
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[Brokaw] Her autobiography is
a stunningly candid account,
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00:03:17,950 --> 00:03:20,200
including the affairs,
a mental illness,
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00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:22,950
and the suicide of her husband,
Phil Graham.
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I really don't suppose
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that I meant to just tell
everything to everybody.
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But once I sat down
to write my story,
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I just tend to be frank
and open.
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I told it the best I could.
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♪♪
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[Newsreel announcer] The
newspaper page is made up
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00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:23,800
within a heavy metal frame
called a chase.
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00:04:23,800 --> 00:04:27,270
Type and pictures are now
in the spaces allotted to them
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00:04:27,270 --> 00:04:32,020
in dummies
worked out well in advance.
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00:04:32,020 --> 00:04:34,020
[Katharine] In June of 1933,
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00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:36,150
my father bought
The Washington Post
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00:04:36,150 --> 00:04:40,660
at a public auction
for $825,000.
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00:04:40,660 --> 00:04:42,490
None of us
could have known then
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00:04:42,490 --> 00:04:46,240
what a transforming event
this would be in all our lives.
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00:04:48,500 --> 00:04:51,120
[Warren] Eugene Meyer
was a huge figure
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00:04:51,120 --> 00:04:53,130
in Wall Street, in Washington.
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00:04:53,130 --> 00:04:55,340
He started in Wall Street
with a very small sum
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00:04:55,340 --> 00:04:58,170
and went on to become
Chairman of the Fed.
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00:04:58,170 --> 00:05:00,630
They were the first out
of the World Bank.
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00:05:00,630 --> 00:05:04,350
He was a remarkable man.
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00:05:04,350 --> 00:05:07,600
[Katharine] From my first visit
to the paper in June of 1933,
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00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:10,350
The Post was constantly part
of my life.
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00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:15,270
I found myself deeply involved
with the struggle
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00:05:15,270 --> 00:05:16,730
to improve the paper.
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00:05:16,730 --> 00:05:18,360
I read The Post daily,
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00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:21,530
commented, encouraged,
and even criticized.
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When I left for college
a year after the purchase,
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my parents and I
corresponded constantly
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about what was happening.
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00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:32,160
You graduated
from the University of Chicago
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00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:34,710
and had your stint out
at the San Francisco News.
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That sounds like a great summer
you spent out there,
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00:05:37,750 --> 00:05:39,630
and indeed you were covering
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00:05:39,630 --> 00:05:41,880
as a young
labor reporter trainee.
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00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,640
I mean, the San Francisco
waterfront is a great site.
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00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:49,600
[Katharine] I covered
a longshoreman's labor dispute.
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00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:51,680
It was a lockout,
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00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:55,190
and I got to know
the negotiator for the unions
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00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:58,980
and the head
of the Warehouse Men's Union.
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00:05:58,980 --> 00:06:00,980
Although it isn't correct
these days,
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00:06:00,980 --> 00:06:02,820
I socialized with them at night
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00:06:02,820 --> 00:06:04,820
and we went up
and down the waterfront,
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00:06:04,820 --> 00:06:07,830
drinking what is known
as boilermakers.
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00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:11,500
And they were whiskey --
whiskey and beer mixed.
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And you could get
a third one free
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if you paid 25 cents
for the first two.
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00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:21,920
You know, there was always
a piano player in every bar,
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00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,550
and it was a really
wonderfully romantic moment.
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I had a great time.
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[Lamb] Then you returned
to Washington.
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Well, my father
came out and said,
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00:06:31,270 --> 00:06:34,020
"I thought
you were coming home.
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00:06:34,020 --> 00:06:37,100
And aren't you coming
to work on The Post?"
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00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:40,480
What did he mean?
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00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:42,440
And what did I think?
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00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:44,240
I'm sure that
he wasn't talking to my sisters
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00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:46,700
or even my brother in this way.
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00:06:46,700 --> 00:06:50,660
I'm equally sure that neither
one of us saw me as a manager.
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00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:52,450
Looking back,
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00:06:52,450 --> 00:06:54,370
I can only assume that I
wanted to be a journalist
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00:06:54,370 --> 00:06:56,250
and that he had a newspaper.
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00:06:59,420 --> 00:07:02,460
And so I came
and went to work
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00:07:02,460 --> 00:07:05,130
on the editorial page
of The Post,
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00:07:05,130 --> 00:07:07,840
as the editor of the letters
to the editor.
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00:07:07,840 --> 00:07:10,560
And I wrote
occasional editorials,
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00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:13,100
the kind that tell you
not to walk on the grass.
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00:07:13,100 --> 00:07:14,810
[laughter]
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00:07:14,810 --> 00:07:19,610
♪♪
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00:07:19,610 --> 00:07:21,820
I grew up in the days
when women --
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00:07:21,820 --> 00:07:25,440
you were mentally kind of cast
is not as bright as men
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and not as capable of learning.
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00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:33,580
The assumption at the time
was that men would go on
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00:07:33,580 --> 00:07:38,710
and have careers, and
women would maybe have a job,
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00:07:38,710 --> 00:07:41,670
but then get married
and have children.
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00:07:41,670 --> 00:07:45,880
[Katharine] You were expected to
have a family, run the houses,
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00:07:45,880 --> 00:07:50,600
and if you had spare time,
do good works.
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00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:52,390
My father and I were
growing closer
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00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:55,480
while my mother
and I were growing apart.
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00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:58,140
Though he lacked the gift
of intimacy,
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00:07:58,140 --> 00:08:02,480
in many ways, his supportive
love still came through to me.
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00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:05,360
He was the present parent,
oddly enough.
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00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:08,700
My mother was
very sort of self-absorbed.
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00:08:08,700 --> 00:08:13,120
She said, "I was a dutiful
but hardly a loving mother."
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00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:15,660
She thought that it was her duty
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00:08:15,660 --> 00:08:17,000
to have us well brought up,
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00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:19,000
the right nurses and
governesses,
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00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:20,330
the right schools.
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00:08:20,330 --> 00:08:22,210
But she didn't have to be there,
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00:08:22,210 --> 00:08:24,750
and nor did she have to
particularly have
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00:08:24,750 --> 00:08:26,920
a physical affection for us.
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00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:32,430
♪♪
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00:08:32,430 --> 00:08:35,890
My mother's effect on us
was often contradictory.
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00:08:35,890 --> 00:08:38,770
She set impossibly high
standards for us,
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00:08:38,770 --> 00:08:40,650
creating tremendous pressures
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00:08:40,650 --> 00:08:43,020
and undermining our ability
to accomplish
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00:08:43,020 --> 00:08:47,240
whatever modest aims
we may have set for ourselves.
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00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:50,360
If I said I loved
The Three Musketeers,
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00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:52,660
she responded
by saying I couldn't really
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00:08:52,660 --> 00:08:55,160
appreciate it unless I'd read
the original three volumes
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00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,000
in French as she had.
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00:09:00,370 --> 00:09:02,120
[Murrow] This has been
the Washington home
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00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:04,670
of Mr. and Mrs. Meyer
for 26 years.
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00:09:04,670 --> 00:09:07,050
It's about 2 miles
from the White House.
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00:09:07,050 --> 00:09:08,840
Good evening, Mrs. Meyer.
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00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:10,260
Good evening, Edward.
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00:09:10,260 --> 00:09:12,590
[Katharine]
My mother was very strong.
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00:09:12,590 --> 00:09:15,300
She was extraordinary.
She was brilliant.
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00:09:15,300 --> 00:09:17,430
She wrote very well.
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00:09:17,430 --> 00:09:20,980
And then she became very
interested in the latter part
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00:09:20,980 --> 00:09:25,560
of her life, in social and
welfare and education issues.
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00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:27,190
You're one
of the busiest people I know.
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00:09:27,190 --> 00:09:29,900
What's the latest project,
Mrs. Meyer?
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00:09:29,900 --> 00:09:32,610
Oh, uh, next week,
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00:09:32,610 --> 00:09:36,530
many of us are trying to get
the White House conference
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00:09:36,530 --> 00:09:39,910
on education to decide
that we need federal aid
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00:09:39,910 --> 00:09:41,080
for school construction,
Edward.
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00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:43,040
But that's going
to be a battle.
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00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:44,380
Ah, I know it is.
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00:09:44,380 --> 00:09:46,460
Where is Mr. Meyer?
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00:09:46,460 --> 00:09:48,340
I'll bet he's in the library
as usual, isn't he?
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00:09:48,340 --> 00:09:51,920
Yes. He's waiting
in the library for us.
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00:09:51,920 --> 00:09:53,760
[Katharine]
And she especially, I guess,
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00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:56,550
propagated these myths
about what Meyer girls
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00:09:56,550 --> 00:09:58,720
were supposed to be.
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00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:00,100
And that we were supposed
to be funny and eccentric
187
00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:01,730
and, you know, popular
188
00:10:01,730 --> 00:10:03,850
and all these things
that I knew I wasn't.
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00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:08,860
Mr. Meyer, I've heard
it said that all of Congress
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00:10:08,860 --> 00:10:10,900
has The Washington Post
for breakfast,
191
00:10:10,900 --> 00:10:14,820
making it the most
influential newspaper in town.
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00:10:14,820 --> 00:10:17,830
Well, my satisfaction
as a newspaper man
193
00:10:17,830 --> 00:10:23,000
is that the purpose
I had in buying it
194
00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:28,340
seems to be in process
of being fulfilled
195
00:10:28,340 --> 00:10:31,170
under the management
of my son-in-law
196
00:10:31,170 --> 00:10:33,050
as publisher of the paper.
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00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:37,930
[Katharine] We were married
when I was not yet 23
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00:10:37,930 --> 00:10:41,140
and he was almost 25.
199
00:10:41,140 --> 00:10:44,180
Everybody who knew him
really was captivated by him.
200
00:10:44,180 --> 00:10:47,980
He was so entertaining.
He was so interesting.
201
00:10:47,980 --> 00:10:52,480
And really, people sometimes
met him for 10 minutes
202
00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:54,070
and succumbed to his charm.
203
00:10:54,070 --> 00:10:58,410
[Don] Phil Graham was
just a magnificent man.
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00:10:58,410 --> 00:11:02,240
He was deeply sympathetic
with whoever he was talking to,
205
00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:06,170
had a quick, emotional
understanding of his audience.
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00:11:06,170 --> 00:11:08,790
My father was fantastic.
He was charming.
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00:11:08,790 --> 00:11:12,130
He was funny.
He was tremendously charismatic.
208
00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:14,380
All my friends loved him.
209
00:11:14,380 --> 00:11:16,800
He really lit up a room.
210
00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:20,100
"Incandescent" is just
the right word.
211
00:11:20,100 --> 00:11:22,020
[Katharine]
My father loved Phil.
212
00:11:22,020 --> 00:11:24,560
It was very,
very wonderful relationship.
213
00:11:24,560 --> 00:11:27,690
And so he persuaded Phil
to come to The Post.
214
00:11:27,690 --> 00:11:34,150
He wanted to make sure that,
um, he had a successor in place.
215
00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:37,400
And so my father named Phil
publisher.
216
00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:42,370
He became publisher
when he was not quite 31.
217
00:11:42,370 --> 00:11:44,370
[Don] My grandfather,
Eugene Meyer,
218
00:11:44,370 --> 00:11:46,000
asked my dad to become
publisher of The Post
219
00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:47,710
and said if he wouldn't do that,
220
00:11:47,710 --> 00:11:49,540
he thought he would
have to sell the paper
221
00:11:49,540 --> 00:11:53,000
because his one son
didn't want to run The Post
222
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,630
and he didn't think about
his daughters.
223
00:11:55,630 --> 00:11:57,630
[Katharine] I owned one third
and he owned two thirds
224
00:11:57,630 --> 00:11:59,510
of the controlling shares.
225
00:11:59,510 --> 00:12:02,390
My father had arranged this
because he said to me
226
00:12:02,390 --> 00:12:05,430
that no man should work for
his wife.
227
00:12:07,310 --> 00:12:12,770
Phil had run it very, very well
and made the paper much better.
228
00:12:12,770 --> 00:12:16,900
Newsweek was for sale
and Phil had bought it.
229
00:12:16,900 --> 00:12:20,570
He was tall, he was handsome,
he was charismatic,
230
00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:23,830
and he was just a wonderful
publisher of the paper.
231
00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:29,620
[Katharine] Phil and I
had a very happy time.
232
00:12:29,620 --> 00:12:33,420
I grew up considerably in those
years, mostly thanks to him.
233
00:12:33,420 --> 00:12:38,340
But always it was he
who decided, and I responded.
234
00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:41,390
Yet, though I was thoroughly
fascinated and charmed by Phil,
235
00:12:41,390 --> 00:12:44,220
I was also slightly resentful
when I thought about it
236
00:12:44,220 --> 00:12:46,350
and feeling such
complete dependence
237
00:12:46,350 --> 00:12:49,560
on another individual,
I seemed, perversely,
238
00:12:49,560 --> 00:12:51,650
to enjoy the role
of doormat wife.
239
00:12:53,610 --> 00:12:55,320
[Weymouth]
He mingled with everybody,
240
00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:57,440
all the senators,
all the congressmen.
241
00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,610
They came over to our house.
It was fun.
242
00:13:00,610 --> 00:13:02,700
In those days,
Washington was much more casual.
243
00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:04,370
People would come over
to the house.
244
00:13:04,370 --> 00:13:06,450
There was no Secret Service
hovering around.
245
00:13:06,450 --> 00:13:08,120
So even as kids, it was fun.
246
00:13:10,580 --> 00:13:12,880
[Katharine] I feel very
privileged to have known
247
00:13:12,880 --> 00:13:16,460
Presidents Kennedy and Johnson
before they were president.
248
00:13:18,590 --> 00:13:21,470
Kennedy.
He was really charming.
249
00:13:21,470 --> 00:13:23,930
He teased.
He was interested in you.
250
00:13:23,930 --> 00:13:27,890
He concentrated on whoever
it was he was talking to.
251
00:13:27,890 --> 00:13:30,020
And it was the first time
252
00:13:30,020 --> 00:13:34,190
we had known a president
who was our age.
253
00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:36,780
Of course, Phil was related
to them somewhat differently
254
00:13:36,780 --> 00:13:39,690
because he got involved
in politics with them.
255
00:13:39,690 --> 00:13:46,080
In 1957,
he had become involved
256
00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:48,790
with the then majority leader,
257
00:13:48,790 --> 00:13:55,000
Lyndon Johnson, in passing
the 1957 civil rights law.
258
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:57,840
He had become involved
259
00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:01,130
in the desegregation
of the Little Rock school,
260
00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:03,840
and he wanted to prevent
Eisenhower sending
261
00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:06,930
the troops in there.
262
00:14:06,930 --> 00:14:09,140
And when it failed,
263
00:14:09,140 --> 00:14:12,140
I think it threw him
into his first depression.
264
00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,020
He was subject
to manic-depressive illness
265
00:14:18,020 --> 00:14:22,700
before lithium was being used.
266
00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:26,240
So he essentially suffered
from untreated manic depression.
267
00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:32,500
I thought
that Phil literally created me.
268
00:14:32,500 --> 00:14:34,580
I mean, I'd grown so under him.
269
00:14:34,580 --> 00:14:38,920
My interests were better.
I was sure of myself.
270
00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:42,630
But there was just this subtle
thing that at the same time
271
00:14:42,630 --> 00:14:45,050
he was building me up,
in a way,
272
00:14:45,050 --> 00:14:48,510
he too, was undermining
my self-confidence.
273
00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:52,220
If I went on too long about a
story, he'd sort of look at me.
274
00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:57,980
And it was that kind of thing
that really made me think,
275
00:14:57,980 --> 00:15:00,520
"Gee, I must be boring."
276
00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:04,360
And I guess led to my silence.
277
00:15:04,360 --> 00:15:06,780
Then you found out
he was having an affair?
278
00:15:06,780 --> 00:15:09,030
Yes.
That was the last year.
279
00:15:09,030 --> 00:15:10,240
In 1963.
280
00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:13,080
Yes.
281
00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:17,580
He was on the phone with this
young woman, and I had no idea.
282
00:15:17,580 --> 00:15:19,040
I guess I must have been dense,
283
00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:20,840
but anyway, I didn't.
284
00:15:20,840 --> 00:15:23,510
And I went in and said,
"Is this true?"
285
00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:25,380
And he said, "Yes,"
286
00:15:25,380 --> 00:15:28,510
and he said everything
that was the matter with him
287
00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:31,180
was my fault
and that he wanted a divorce.
288
00:15:33,810 --> 00:15:36,480
[Remnick] He'd become so erratic
that, at one point,
289
00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:41,070
I believe President Kennedy
had to send a government plane
290
00:15:41,070 --> 00:15:43,900
out west to retrieve
Phil Graham,
291
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:47,160
who was misbehaving in some way,
to bring him back to Washington.
292
00:15:49,410 --> 00:15:53,500
[Katharine] I'd been married
to Phil Graham for 23 years.
293
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:55,870
I was trying to keep
the children's lives as normal
294
00:15:55,870 --> 00:15:59,540
as possible and
the outside world unsuspecting.
295
00:15:59,540 --> 00:16:01,590
As a result of all this,
296
00:16:01,590 --> 00:16:05,420
I came close
to the breaking point myself.
297
00:16:05,420 --> 00:16:07,340
He said he was going to go off
with this young woman,
298
00:16:07,340 --> 00:16:10,300
and he was going to take
the paper with him.
299
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:14,640
But I cared so much
about the paper and the company
300
00:16:14,640 --> 00:16:16,600
that I couldn't deal with that.
301
00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:18,690
And I was going to dig
in at that point
302
00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:21,440
and that I was going to fight.
303
00:16:21,440 --> 00:16:23,480
Phil Graham comes home
304
00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:25,240
after being
in an institution.
305
00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:27,110
He'd only been there
six weeks,
306
00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:29,780
but he -- he seemed very,
very much better.
307
00:16:29,780 --> 00:16:35,580
And he got a day off from the --
from the mental hospital.
308
00:16:35,580 --> 00:16:38,160
And he said
he wanted to go to our farm.
309
00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:41,380
And I thought --
I was worried about it,
310
00:16:41,380 --> 00:16:44,210
but the -- the doctors all
had a fight about
311
00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:46,590
whether he --
he should go or not,
312
00:16:46,590 --> 00:16:50,380
but he was very manipulative
and he got them to let him go.
313
00:16:50,380 --> 00:16:54,260
And he deceived me into thinking
he was better than he was.
314
00:16:54,260 --> 00:16:57,770
And he went down there
and he killed himself.
315
00:16:57,770 --> 00:16:58,850
And you found him?
316
00:16:58,850 --> 00:17:02,230
Yes.
317
00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:04,320
[Don] She was taking a nap,
318
00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:06,940
and my dad took out a shotgun
and went in
319
00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:10,490
and -- and shot himself.
320
00:17:10,490 --> 00:17:14,530
And it was awful for all four
of us, each in our own way.
321
00:17:14,530 --> 00:17:16,370
I was 18,
322
00:17:16,370 --> 00:17:20,080
I was between my first
and second years in college.
323
00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:24,380
And, uh, there's an awful lot
of people in the --
324
00:17:24,380 --> 00:17:26,800
in the world who live with
the suicide in the family
325
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:31,010
and -- and, uh,
it -- you think about it
326
00:17:31,010 --> 00:17:32,430
for the rest of your life.
327
00:17:32,430 --> 00:17:42,190
♪♪
328
00:17:42,190 --> 00:17:47,980
When my dad died,
she had to decide,
329
00:17:47,980 --> 00:17:50,940
"Am I going to sell
the company?"
330
00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:54,120
Which I think most people
would have expected her to do.
331
00:17:54,120 --> 00:17:58,500
"Or will I somehow try
to run it myself?"
332
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:01,250
Although no woman was running
a business of that size,
333
00:18:01,250 --> 00:18:03,710
I think, in the United States.
334
00:18:03,710 --> 00:18:06,210
[Harris]
She decided to run it herself,
335
00:18:06,210 --> 00:18:07,750
and it's prospered.
336
00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:11,300
I wondered how
this decision to return tycoon
337
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:14,590
had affected her
as the mother of four children.
338
00:18:14,590 --> 00:18:19,470
Uh, I think that it's the
problems of any working mother.
339
00:18:19,470 --> 00:18:25,730
Uh, there's always a tear
between home and -- and job.
340
00:18:25,730 --> 00:18:28,860
Um, the boys were
very understanding
341
00:18:28,860 --> 00:18:30,650
and -- and very good about this,
342
00:18:30,650 --> 00:18:32,570
and it seems to me
they've survived quite well.
343
00:18:32,570 --> 00:18:33,660
And so have I.
344
00:18:40,740 --> 00:18:42,750
I was determined
to keep the paper.
345
00:18:42,750 --> 00:18:45,880
I viewed it as
a sort of holding place
346
00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:48,800
until my son grew up.
347
00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:53,470
Katharine Graham
suddenly becomes the publisher.
348
00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:56,510
Her entire board are White men.
349
00:18:56,510 --> 00:18:58,760
Just a giant circle
of White men,
350
00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:02,730
all of whom
have a kind of condescending,
351
00:19:02,730 --> 00:19:06,520
wary attitude toward her.
352
00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:09,020
She just had nobody
on her side,
353
00:19:09,020 --> 00:19:13,570
and everybody that
was talking to her had an angle.
354
00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:15,700
[Weymouth] She had no idea
how to write a speech,
355
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:19,120
and she was tremendously nervous
about it.
356
00:19:19,120 --> 00:19:21,870
She was rehearsing over
and over and over again.
357
00:19:21,870 --> 00:19:24,410
She said, "There are going to be
a lot of rumors around
358
00:19:24,410 --> 00:19:26,250
about this company being
for sale,
359
00:19:26,250 --> 00:19:29,460
and I want to assure you all
that it is not for sale
360
00:19:29,460 --> 00:19:31,590
and no part of it is for sale.
361
00:19:31,590 --> 00:19:33,470
This is a family company
362
00:19:33,470 --> 00:19:36,930
and there's another generation
coming along."
363
00:19:36,930 --> 00:19:39,050
[Katharine] It was really hard
364
00:19:39,050 --> 00:19:42,220
because I didn't know anything
about being in business.
365
00:19:42,220 --> 00:19:44,600
I didn't know anything
about management.
366
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:49,060
I didn't know anything about
complicated editorial issues.
367
00:19:49,060 --> 00:19:53,280
I didn't know
how to use a secretary.
368
00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:58,160
[Don] She was...beyond...
unsure of herself.
369
00:19:58,160 --> 00:20:01,910
She was as self-doubting as
any human being has ever been.
370
00:20:01,910 --> 00:20:03,410
[Weymouth]
It was daunting to her,
371
00:20:03,410 --> 00:20:06,410
and she would rehearse
her Christmas speeches
372
00:20:06,410 --> 00:20:08,080
in our bedrooms like, you know,
373
00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:09,750
"Welcome
to the Christmas party.
374
00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:13,210
You know, I'm so happy
that you're here."
375
00:20:13,210 --> 00:20:16,260
I remained totally silent
for about a year,
376
00:20:16,260 --> 00:20:19,800
and it took a great deal
of courage the first time
377
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:22,640
I asked a question
at an editorial lunch.
378
00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:23,890
I was so scared.
379
00:20:23,890 --> 00:20:34,530
♪♪
380
00:20:34,530 --> 00:20:39,570
At a little past one,
Kay Graham came for me
381
00:20:39,570 --> 00:20:41,030
and we went down to the park
382
00:20:41,030 --> 00:20:43,410
right off
of Constitution Avenue
383
00:20:43,410 --> 00:20:45,330
to open the art fair,
384
00:20:45,330 --> 00:20:49,370
which is being sponsored
by The Washington Post.
385
00:20:49,370 --> 00:20:51,920
Kay made a really excellent
little speech,
386
00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:54,340
shaking all the while,
387
00:20:54,340 --> 00:20:57,090
surprising that a woman of
her poise and accomplishments
388
00:20:57,090 --> 00:20:59,800
should be really frightened.
389
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:02,340
How well Kay Graham
is taking over
390
00:21:02,340 --> 00:21:04,390
after the tragic death
of Phil.
391
00:21:04,390 --> 00:21:07,930
I think she's pushed herself
into being a really live part
392
00:21:07,930 --> 00:21:10,520
of a business empire,
and in doing so,
393
00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:12,560
as having
a more interesting life.
394
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:17,690
She is an appealing woman.
395
00:21:17,690 --> 00:21:19,820
But unfortunately, when you
know and like somebody,
396
00:21:19,820 --> 00:21:21,740
it makes it all the more
painful
397
00:21:21,740 --> 00:21:26,490
when that paper takes
you apart unfairly.
398
00:21:26,490 --> 00:21:27,790
[Man] I think
we're gonna have to work
399
00:21:27,790 --> 00:21:29,750
on Mrs. Graham.
400
00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:31,710
[Pres. Johnson]
Mrs. Graham, she claims
401
00:21:31,710 --> 00:21:34,630
she's the best friend I got,
and they murder me every day.
402
00:21:34,630 --> 00:21:39,470
Johnson, to my mind, was
tough and bullied and bargained,
403
00:21:39,470 --> 00:21:41,010
but he was terribly able.
404
00:21:43,550 --> 00:21:46,310
[Warren] With Johnson, he knew
how to press her buttons,
405
00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:50,480
but The Post really was
independent.
406
00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:52,140
[Pres. Johnson] Hello.
[Katharine] Hello, Mr. President.
407
00:21:52,140 --> 00:21:53,230
Hello, my sweetheart.
How are you?
408
00:21:53,230 --> 00:21:54,860
Well, I'm fine. Are you?
409
00:21:54,860 --> 00:21:58,280
You know, only one thing
I dislike about this job
410
00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,570
is that I'm married
411
00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:03,110
and I can't ever
get to see you.
412
00:22:03,110 --> 00:22:04,870
I just hear
that sweet voice,
413
00:22:04,870 --> 00:22:06,990
and, uh, that's always
on the telephone.
414
00:22:06,990 --> 00:22:09,080
And I'd like to break out
of here and be
415
00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:11,080
like one of these young animals
down on my ranch.
416
00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:13,000
Jump a fence.
417
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:15,250
[ Laughing ]
418
00:22:15,250 --> 00:22:17,250
That's gonna set me
up for the month.
419
00:22:17,250 --> 00:22:20,550
[Warren] He would clearly try
and romance her,
420
00:22:20,550 --> 00:22:23,090
but she was very, very smart
421
00:22:23,090 --> 00:22:27,510
and she read people well.
422
00:22:27,510 --> 00:22:29,770
[Pres. Johnson]
When Phil was here,
423
00:22:29,770 --> 00:22:32,810
he'd sit down and write
in longhand in 30 minutes
424
00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:35,270
what we're going to do, and if
you just go up to heaven,
425
00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:37,230
get him, bring him back where
he can sit in
426
00:22:37,230 --> 00:22:39,110
and advise with me awhile.
427
00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:41,940
[Katharine] You can be friends
with people in the government,
428
00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:46,030
but they remember and you
remember, the paper comes first.
429
00:22:48,620 --> 00:22:51,910
Has that choice
that you made in 1963
430
00:22:51,910 --> 00:22:54,580
to go into the business
and run it
431
00:22:54,580 --> 00:22:57,790
had any effect on you
personally,
432
00:22:57,790 --> 00:23:00,050
on your personality?
433
00:23:00,050 --> 00:23:04,970
Oh, very much.
It's extraordinary how, to me,
434
00:23:04,970 --> 00:23:09,720
how what you do all day
alters what you are.
435
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:13,180
Uh, in a sense,
this is what women's liberation,
436
00:23:13,180 --> 00:23:14,730
which a lot of people
laugh about,
437
00:23:14,730 --> 00:23:16,650
are talking about a lot
over here,
438
00:23:16,650 --> 00:23:19,730
but I think they've got
a very important point,
439
00:23:19,730 --> 00:23:23,440
which is changes of attitudes
toward women working.
440
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:27,120
[Steinem]
When I first met Kay,
441
00:23:27,120 --> 00:23:31,580
I was surprised
by how shy she was.
442
00:23:31,580 --> 00:23:36,500
People might have been surprised
that she and I were friends
443
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:40,540
because she came from
a very powerful family.
444
00:23:40,540 --> 00:23:44,720
I had come from a kind of
a working-class neighborhood
445
00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:48,550
in Toledo,
but I think a lot of us
446
00:23:48,550 --> 00:23:52,390
who were her friends
came to understand
447
00:23:52,390 --> 00:23:57,600
that Kay was a way
more universal person,
448
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:01,400
but it always seemed to me
she suffered from the idea
449
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:05,440
that women supported men
who acted,
450
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,030
but women did not act
on their own,
451
00:24:08,030 --> 00:24:12,080
and that that was an idea
of her own mother
452
00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:15,120
in addition to the world.
453
00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:17,040
[Katharine] There are situations
454
00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:20,040
when you're on an equal basis
with men
455
00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,090
in a committee meeting
or something like that, uh,
456
00:24:23,090 --> 00:24:26,590
in which you feel they don't
have much regard for your view.
457
00:24:26,590 --> 00:24:29,720
I've also become aware
in the last two or three years
458
00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:33,140
that a lot of men really
don't like working for a woman.
459
00:24:36,730 --> 00:24:39,600
Almost no man knew anyone
460
00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:43,520
who worked for a woman
as their boss.
461
00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:49,990
And if men had any insecurities,
this situation brought them out.
462
00:24:49,990 --> 00:24:51,530
[Katharine] For 10 years,
463
00:24:51,530 --> 00:24:53,280
I learned about management
at The Post,
464
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:55,160
and I went up to Newsweek,
465
00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:57,410
and I just kept trying
to learn the issues from the men
466
00:24:57,410 --> 00:24:59,160
who were running things.
467
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:02,790
And of course,
they were all men.
468
00:25:02,790 --> 00:25:05,920
[Don] She thought
The Post needs to be better,
469
00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,550
and she wanted someone at a
different phase of their career,
470
00:25:09,550 --> 00:25:11,590
somebody who was full of energy,
471
00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:13,260
somebody who wanted to be
there all the time,
472
00:25:13,260 --> 00:25:16,100
somebody who would get
the place moving.
473
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:17,600
And Ben Bradlee was
474
00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:19,730
the Washington
bureau chief at Newsweek.
475
00:25:19,730 --> 00:25:21,980
My mother told me
476
00:25:21,980 --> 00:25:24,520
that she was thinking of making
him the editor of The Post.
477
00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,860
I knew what a crucial choice
this was
478
00:25:27,860 --> 00:25:32,360
for The Post and for her.
479
00:25:32,360 --> 00:25:34,240
[Katharine] I asked him,
"What are your interests?"
480
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:38,410
And Ben -- Ben said, "Well,
now that you asked me,
481
00:25:38,410 --> 00:25:40,040
he said, "I'd give my left one
482
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:41,460
to be managing editor
of The Post."
483
00:25:41,460 --> 00:25:46,380
Within days
she was telling me,
484
00:25:46,380 --> 00:25:48,670
"I know this guy's
gonna be great."
485
00:25:48,670 --> 00:25:53,050
She was very quick
to figure out who he was,
486
00:25:53,050 --> 00:25:57,390
and he was very quick
to figure out who she was.
487
00:25:57,390 --> 00:25:59,680
[Katharine] We had a very,
very small staff,
488
00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,480
and we built up both the size
and the quality of the staff
489
00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:06,070
under Ben Bradlee.
490
00:26:06,070 --> 00:26:08,400
[Bernstein] I think that
Ben's recognition
491
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:13,360
of what Katharine had been
through with Phil Graham
492
00:26:13,360 --> 00:26:15,280
was profound,
493
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:21,000
and he probably got as good
or better look
494
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:27,540
at her transition
into being a publisher
495
00:26:27,540 --> 00:26:30,010
and a world figure.
496
00:26:33,970 --> 00:26:36,850
[Katharine] I'm the president
of The Washington Post Company,
497
00:26:36,850 --> 00:26:38,720
which has three divisions.
498
00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:40,980
It owns
The Washington Post paper,
499
00:26:40,980 --> 00:26:46,480
it has a television division
with four television stations
500
00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:51,190
and two radio stations,
and it owns Newsweek magazine.
501
00:26:56,280 --> 00:27:00,950
[Povich] In November of '66,
I started at Newsweek.
502
00:27:00,950 --> 00:27:02,790
If you were coming into Newsweek
as a woman,
503
00:27:02,790 --> 00:27:05,380
you were actually
first put on the mail desk
504
00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:08,670
where you delivered mail
to all of the writers.
505
00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:12,380
And then you were moved
up to researcher,
506
00:27:12,380 --> 00:27:14,630
which is essentially
a fact checker.
507
00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:21,930
[Steinem] That was a hard
and fast rule.
508
00:27:21,930 --> 00:27:27,730
Even on Newsweek,
even though it was owned by Kay.
509
00:27:27,730 --> 00:27:29,400
[Quarles]
Today, most women
510
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:31,280
are still
at the same tedious jobs,
511
00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:35,030
and they earn only half
of what men earn.
512
00:27:35,030 --> 00:27:38,200
[Povich] It's illegal
to segregate jobs by gender.
513
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:42,290
The 1964 Civil Rights
Act outlawed that.
514
00:27:42,290 --> 00:27:47,960
This was 1969, and that's
when we began to organize.
515
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:54,470
And so I, as a young reporter
in the Life and Leisure section,
516
00:27:54,470 --> 00:28:00,560
started covering stories
about the women's movement.
517
00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:02,890
Newsweek decided
it was going to do a cover story
518
00:28:02,890 --> 00:28:04,600
on the women's movement,
519
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:06,850
and that really galvanized
the women
520
00:28:06,850 --> 00:28:09,060
to actually file
our complaint with the EEOC
521
00:28:09,060 --> 00:28:11,070
and to publicly announce
it the day
522
00:28:11,070 --> 00:28:12,820
that Newsweek appeared
on its stands
523
00:28:12,820 --> 00:28:16,110
with a cover story
called "Women in Revolt."
524
00:28:16,110 --> 00:28:20,030
And we wanted to let
Katharine Graham know
525
00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:22,580
that we were filing this suit.
526
00:28:22,580 --> 00:28:26,830
We felt that since she was
the woman owner of Newsweek,
527
00:28:26,830 --> 00:28:29,040
that we should give
her a heads-up
528
00:28:29,040 --> 00:28:30,580
that we were filing this suit.
529
00:28:30,580 --> 00:28:33,920
She should not find it
out on the news.
530
00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:35,550
I'm sure it was hard on Kay,
531
00:28:35,550 --> 00:28:37,840
because, after all,
she was the owner.
532
00:28:37,840 --> 00:28:40,720
And yet her heart and sympathies
533
00:28:40,720 --> 00:28:45,100
were probably with the women
who were striking against her.
534
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:47,230
They told her that the women
had filed this complaint,
535
00:28:47,230 --> 00:28:52,980
and she said, "Which side am
I supposed to be on?"
536
00:28:52,980 --> 00:28:58,490
You know, she already had
a sense of being a woman herself
537
00:28:58,490 --> 00:29:01,280
in a profession where
she was not taken seriously.
538
00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:03,540
She was not respected,
539
00:29:03,540 --> 00:29:09,370
and yet her company
was also being sued essentially
540
00:29:09,370 --> 00:29:11,290
for the same kind
of discrimination.
541
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:16,800
[Steinem] In the end,
women became able
542
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:19,930
not just to research,
but also to write.
543
00:29:23,430 --> 00:29:25,720
[Katharine] The women's movement
occurred in the late '60s.
544
00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:28,480
I'd gone to work in '63,
545
00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:30,350
and so I essentially
experienced it
546
00:29:30,350 --> 00:29:33,020
while I was at the top
of a company.
547
00:29:33,020 --> 00:29:36,070
You know, she had to go
through her own transition.
548
00:29:36,070 --> 00:29:38,900
She was also a person
of her generation,
549
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:41,950
which is previous
to our generation.
550
00:29:41,950 --> 00:29:47,660
And so I think that this period
was one of transition for her.
551
00:29:49,750 --> 00:29:52,000
I have to confess
that I suppose
552
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:56,840
due to the totally private life
I led, uh,
553
00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:02,010
and led with three very strong
individuals in the form
554
00:30:02,010 --> 00:30:04,930
of both my parents
and then my husband,
555
00:30:04,930 --> 00:30:09,850
who was a very brilliant
and very...
556
00:30:09,850 --> 00:30:12,600
predominant figure,
557
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:15,690
that there really weren't room
for any more predominance.
558
00:30:15,690 --> 00:30:19,400
Put it that way.
559
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:21,570
[Steinem] One of our first
meetings came about
560
00:30:21,570 --> 00:30:26,530
because she wanted the editorial
board of The Washington Post
561
00:30:26,530 --> 00:30:29,950
to support the Equal
Rights Amendment editorially,
562
00:30:29,950 --> 00:30:32,250
and they were not doing so.
563
00:30:32,250 --> 00:30:35,000
She felt she couldn't order
them to.
564
00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:40,050
So she asked me to come
address an editorial meeting.
565
00:30:40,050 --> 00:30:42,090
I'm not sure I convinced them.
566
00:30:42,090 --> 00:30:44,140
And of course, we still don't
have the Equal Rights Amendment.
567
00:30:44,140 --> 00:30:47,640
[Women]
Equal pay for equal work.
568
00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:50,310
[Male reporter] These women
want equal job opportunities,
569
00:30:50,310 --> 00:30:53,980
equal pay with men
for the same jobs.
570
00:30:53,980 --> 00:30:55,940
This is where they're at.
571
00:30:55,940 --> 00:30:59,230
A lot of women working,
nearly 30 million of them,
572
00:30:59,230 --> 00:31:02,740
but very few
in executive positions.
573
00:31:02,740 --> 00:31:05,200
[Steinem] It was part
of the women's movement
574
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:11,000
to help overcome
the assigned inferior role
575
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,710
that society has given
groups of people.
576
00:31:14,710 --> 00:31:18,960
And Kay, you know,
had this doubly in a way,
577
00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:25,970
because she had it not only from
society but from her own family.
578
00:31:25,970 --> 00:31:28,470
[Katharine] The worst handicap
women work under
579
00:31:28,470 --> 00:31:31,310
is the self-inflicted one
580
00:31:31,310 --> 00:31:34,270
that if you've grown up
thinking of yourself
581
00:31:34,270 --> 00:31:36,650
as a second-class citizen,
582
00:31:36,650 --> 00:31:39,480
that you tend always
to put yourself down.
583
00:31:39,480 --> 00:31:44,570
♪♪
584
00:31:44,570 --> 00:31:47,160
However slow I was to learn,
585
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:50,870
I finally became increasingly
aware and involved.
586
00:31:50,870 --> 00:31:53,160
Most important to me was not
the central message
587
00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:56,000
of the movement
that women were equal,
588
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:57,540
but that women had a right
589
00:31:57,540 --> 00:32:00,500
to choose which
lifestyle suited them.
590
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:03,050
We all had a right
to a frame of reference.
591
00:32:03,050 --> 00:32:06,380
Other than that, we were
put on earth to catch a man,
592
00:32:06,380 --> 00:32:10,350
hold him and please him.
593
00:32:10,350 --> 00:32:13,140
[Remnick] She changed.
594
00:32:13,140 --> 00:32:16,350
She did gain a greater sense
of who she was
595
00:32:16,350 --> 00:32:19,810
and what she had accomplished.
596
00:32:19,810 --> 00:32:22,190
[Osberg] She didn't want
a label of being a feminist,
597
00:32:22,190 --> 00:32:26,490
but she was on the forefront
of everything.
598
00:32:26,490 --> 00:32:28,410
I can see how
the women's movement
599
00:32:28,410 --> 00:32:30,740
brought her into herself.
600
00:32:30,740 --> 00:32:32,700
I mean,
it's what she lived through.
601
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:35,830
Only she was way ahead of
her time in trying to do it.
602
00:32:35,830 --> 00:32:38,210
[Chanting "Stop the war
in Vietnam"]
603
00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,130
♪♪
604
00:32:42,130 --> 00:32:47,180
[Steinem] The country was
going through a major sea change
605
00:32:47,180 --> 00:32:53,640
because it was engaged
in a war in Vietnam,
606
00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:56,940
which was not supported
by the majority of Americans.
607
00:32:59,350 --> 00:33:05,820
The Nixon administration was
very clearly on the wrong side,
608
00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:09,030
and that made a very thorny set
609
00:33:09,030 --> 00:33:13,080
of reporting circumstances for
Kay and The Washington Post.
610
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:18,540
[Don] A reporter on The Times
had received a copy
611
00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:20,620
of what is now called
the Pentagon Papers
612
00:33:20,620 --> 00:33:23,250
from Daniel Ellsberg,
613
00:33:23,250 --> 00:33:26,840
a historian who
had been working in the Pentagon
614
00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:29,630
undertaking a history
of how the United States
615
00:33:29,630 --> 00:33:32,010
got into the war in Vietnam.
616
00:33:32,010 --> 00:33:33,640
[Secretary] General Haig, sir.
Ready.
617
00:33:54,030 --> 00:33:56,740
The Justice Department
went to court in New York today
618
00:33:56,740 --> 00:33:59,370
and got a temporary order
restraining The Times
619
00:33:59,370 --> 00:34:03,250
from publishing the next
and last two installments.
620
00:34:03,250 --> 00:34:05,340
[Don] The federal government
had never gotten
621
00:34:05,340 --> 00:34:08,510
a newspaper to stop
printing a story.
622
00:34:10,380 --> 00:34:14,470
Ellsberg called an editor
on The Washington Post,
623
00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,310
whom he knew, eager to see
the rest of the story printed.
624
00:34:35,950 --> 00:34:38,120
[Kaiser] It comes at this
absolutely critical moment,
625
00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:41,210
because Katharine Graham
is taking
626
00:34:41,210 --> 00:34:44,670
The Washington Post public
at precisely this moment.
627
00:34:44,670 --> 00:34:46,420
Everybody's terrified
628
00:34:46,420 --> 00:34:52,300
that Nixon is going to
somehow screw this up.
629
00:34:52,300 --> 00:34:54,800
So Kay had to make
this decision on
630
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:57,140
whether to print
the Pentagon Papers.
631
00:34:57,140 --> 00:35:00,720
The government had made
it stand clear that, "No,
632
00:35:00,720 --> 00:35:02,140
you shouldn't print it.
633
00:35:02,140 --> 00:35:04,560
It's classified.
It's top secret."
634
00:35:04,560 --> 00:35:07,560
Kay received a message saying,
635
00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:12,280
"We want you to know that
a company convicted of a felony,
636
00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:14,610
for example,
violating the Espionage Act,
637
00:35:14,610 --> 00:35:17,450
cannot own television stations."
638
00:35:30,170 --> 00:35:37,600
The message really threatened
us with criminal prosecution.
639
00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:43,940
And it went on to point out
that papers with, um, criminal,
640
00:35:43,940 --> 00:35:45,980
um, decisions against them
641
00:35:45,980 --> 00:35:50,570
obviously could
not own television stations.
642
00:35:50,570 --> 00:35:53,650
[Weymouth] Our TV stations
provided the revenue
643
00:35:53,650 --> 00:35:55,820
to prop up
The Washington Post,
644
00:35:55,820 --> 00:35:57,700
which was not a money earner
in those days.
645
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,080
And so the businessmen
were saying, you know,
646
00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:02,790
"Think twice about this."
647
00:36:02,790 --> 00:36:04,330
She knew
that her lawyers were saying,
648
00:36:04,330 --> 00:36:06,460
"Do not print these stories.
649
00:36:06,460 --> 00:36:08,630
It's going to put the paper
in grave danger."
650
00:36:08,630 --> 00:36:11,880
And Kay came
to the understanding
651
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:15,760
that she would have to make
the decision.
652
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:19,350
[Katharine]
The editors were all on the phone pleading to go ahead.
653
00:36:19,350 --> 00:36:22,100
And I thought
that we could risk it,
654
00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:24,980
although it was
really dangerous.
655
00:36:24,980 --> 00:36:26,690
She trusted Ben,
656
00:36:26,690 --> 00:36:30,230
and ultimately she preferred
his judgment,
657
00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:33,400
which was that it was crucial
to the future of The Post
658
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,900
to get the story in the paper
that day.
659
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:37,950
No delay. Right then.
660
00:36:40,490 --> 00:36:42,910
[Katharine] And so I said,
"Let's go. Let's publish."
661
00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:44,910
And I hung up
because I was so freaked out
662
00:36:44,910 --> 00:36:48,250
by having had to make
that decision so fast.
663
00:36:48,250 --> 00:36:50,420
[Don] And off they went,
664
00:36:50,420 --> 00:36:52,670
and they printed the story
in the paper the next day.
665
00:36:52,670 --> 00:36:54,510
Well, this morning
The Washington Post moved
666
00:36:54,510 --> 00:36:57,090
into the breach
and began publishing
667
00:36:57,090 --> 00:36:58,590
other parts
of those same Pentagon Papers.
668
00:36:58,590 --> 00:37:00,430
Here in Washington,
669
00:37:00,430 --> 00:37:02,350
the Justice Department
went to court
670
00:37:02,350 --> 00:37:05,810
to try to stop The Post
from continuing to publish them.
671
00:37:05,810 --> 00:37:08,640
We didn't publish
those papers for two weeks
672
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:11,820
while we were going through
the courts.
673
00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:13,650
The Supreme Court said no
to the government
674
00:37:13,650 --> 00:37:15,320
and yes to the newspaper,
675
00:37:15,320 --> 00:37:17,360
voting 6-3
to let The New York Times
676
00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:21,490
and The Washington Post print
the rest of the Pentagon Papers.
677
00:37:21,490 --> 00:37:25,240
We are extremely gratified,
678
00:37:25,240 --> 00:37:28,370
not only
from the point of newspapers,
679
00:37:28,370 --> 00:37:32,040
which is not the least
of our concerns,
680
00:37:32,040 --> 00:37:34,800
but gratified from
the point of view of the public
681
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:36,880
and the public's right to know,
682
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:40,430
which is what
we were concerned with.
683
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:10,330
♪♪
684
00:38:10,330 --> 00:38:11,880
[Cohen] Publishing
the Pentagon Papers meant
685
00:38:11,880 --> 00:38:14,500
that this was
a dangerous newspaper now.
686
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:17,130
Dangerous if you were
a lying politician.
687
00:38:17,130 --> 00:38:19,920
Dangerous
if you were a corrupt person.
688
00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,800
This put us in the same
situation as The New York Times.
689
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:27,560
And people began
to say The New York Times
690
00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:29,730
and The Washington Post
for the first time.
691
00:38:29,730 --> 00:38:31,350
Two major-league papers.
Yes.
692
00:38:31,350 --> 00:38:34,230
It forged a confidence
in the paper
693
00:38:34,230 --> 00:38:36,780
that we had amongst ourselves,
694
00:38:36,780 --> 00:38:40,490
a great sense that we had in
Katharine Graham somewhat,
695
00:38:40,490 --> 00:38:46,330
who would be on the ramparts
with us under any conditions.
696
00:38:46,330 --> 00:38:48,080
[Warren]
The right person controlled
697
00:38:48,080 --> 00:38:51,870
The Washington Post Company
at that time.
698
00:38:51,870 --> 00:38:56,380
There were very few people who
would have behaved as she did.
699
00:39:00,220 --> 00:39:02,930
[Katharine] It prepared us
for Watergate,
700
00:39:02,930 --> 00:39:04,510
for the tough decisions
701
00:39:04,510 --> 00:39:06,390
and the difficulties
with the government
702
00:39:06,390 --> 00:39:09,100
that we would have to make
in the Watergate reporting.
703
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:21,280
♪♪
704
00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:24,660
It was sort of a farce.
705
00:39:24,660 --> 00:39:27,160
Five men discovered
in the Watergate
706
00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:29,950
with surgical gloves on,
breaking into something.
707
00:39:29,950 --> 00:39:31,910
You couldn't tell why or what.
708
00:39:35,120 --> 00:39:39,340
[Woodward] The judge asked
the lead burglar, James McCord,
709
00:39:39,340 --> 00:39:40,920
"Where did you work?"
710
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:44,260
And McCord said, "CIA."
711
00:39:44,260 --> 00:39:49,930
And in the front row,
I kind of blurted out,
712
00:39:49,930 --> 00:39:52,770
hopefully under my breath,
"Holy shit."
713
00:39:52,770 --> 00:39:55,400
Mr. McCoy's been released
on bail.
714
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:57,400
[Female reporter]
Why weren't the others?
715
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:02,110
[Woodward] James McCord had been
head of security for the CIA
716
00:40:02,110 --> 00:40:07,120
and was head of security for
the Nixon reelection committee.
717
00:40:11,370 --> 00:40:15,660
The next day,
Woodward and I were told
718
00:40:15,660 --> 00:40:22,260
to come in to the office
and continue work on the story.
719
00:40:22,260 --> 00:40:25,800
[Don] They're finding little
bits of additional information
720
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:29,010
and sometimes big bits
of additional information
721
00:40:29,010 --> 00:40:33,480
that are driving the story in
a very uncomfortable direction.
722
00:40:58,040 --> 00:41:01,130
[Katharine] In no time,
it became our story.
723
00:41:01,130 --> 00:41:03,090
And of course,
724
00:41:03,090 --> 00:41:05,220
the administration's
reactions to it grew,
725
00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:07,510
and they became very intense.
726
00:41:11,350 --> 00:41:12,680
[Pres. Nixon] Alright.
727
00:41:28,780 --> 00:41:38,870
♪♪
728
00:41:38,870 --> 00:41:44,170
[Katharine] We ran these stories
and nobody picked them up.
729
00:41:44,170 --> 00:41:47,920
They go out on the wire
and nobody would run them.
730
00:41:47,920 --> 00:41:49,760
Other papers didn't believe us.
731
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:52,260
[whistle blows]
732
00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:42,940
Usually somebody does
a big story, it goes everywhere.
733
00:42:42,940 --> 00:42:47,110
And, um,
it wasn't going everywhere.
734
00:42:47,110 --> 00:42:51,030
It really was The Washington
Post versus Richard Nixon.
735
00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:53,910
The Nixon people wanted it
to be seen
736
00:42:53,910 --> 00:42:55,450
as a Washington Post story.
737
00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,290
As long as it was
a Washington Post story,
738
00:42:58,290 --> 00:43:00,250
it was containable.
739
00:43:00,250 --> 00:43:02,080
[Weymouth] No one's picking up
the story,
740
00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:04,000
and so she was really worried.
741
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:05,630
And she's like,
"If it's such a great story,
742
00:43:05,630 --> 00:43:09,050
where is everybody
on this great story?"
743
00:43:09,050 --> 00:43:10,800
[Cohen] We all had doubts.
744
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:15,220
Katharine did,
and it was being mocked.
745
00:43:15,220 --> 00:43:18,350
[Katharine] People who were
essentially friends said,
746
00:43:18,350 --> 00:43:20,600
you know, "Are you sure you
know what you're doing?
747
00:43:20,600 --> 00:43:23,400
Are you crazy?"
748
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:25,440
[Hoagland] I was dealing
with ambassadors,
749
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:27,060
with American diplomats.
750
00:43:27,060 --> 00:43:29,230
There was a general sense
751
00:43:29,230 --> 00:43:31,530
Washington Post is giving
the president a hard time.
752
00:43:31,530 --> 00:43:33,070
"Why are you guys doing that?"
753
00:43:33,070 --> 00:43:36,120
[Katharine]
Readers, too, were writing me,
754
00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:38,620
accusing The Post
of ulterior motives,
755
00:43:38,620 --> 00:43:42,540
bad journalism,
lack of patriotism.
756
00:43:42,540 --> 00:43:46,290
As an anonymous White House
aide told Time magazine,
757
00:43:46,290 --> 00:43:50,210
"To screw The Washington Post."
758
00:43:50,210 --> 00:43:52,420
[Warren]
At The Washington Post,
759
00:43:52,420 --> 00:43:55,180
they had editorial lunches.
760
00:43:55,180 --> 00:43:59,060
Clare Boothe Luce was invited.
761
00:43:59,060 --> 00:44:02,060
Henry Luce started
Time magazine.
762
00:44:02,060 --> 00:44:06,020
Her husband had died in 1967.
763
00:44:06,020 --> 00:44:09,320
Henry Luce,
who everybody called Harry,
764
00:44:09,320 --> 00:44:12,780
probably had more influence
on the American public
765
00:44:12,780 --> 00:44:15,360
than anybody except the
president of the United States.
766
00:44:15,360 --> 00:44:19,240
And Clare was a very, very
strong personality.
767
00:44:19,240 --> 00:44:23,700
And she became a very, very,
very staunch Republican.
768
00:44:23,700 --> 00:44:28,880
So anyway, Clare starts really
attacking the newsroom.
769
00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:32,210
And at one point, Clare says,
770
00:44:32,210 --> 00:44:39,050
"Last night in a dream I had,
Harry came to me.
771
00:44:39,050 --> 00:44:45,640
And Harry said to me that what
The Washington Post is doing
772
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:48,810
is going to destroy democracy.
773
00:44:48,810 --> 00:44:52,280
And at that point,
Kay Graham, who was
774
00:44:52,280 --> 00:44:55,150
sitting across
and never said anything,
775
00:44:55,150 --> 00:44:56,700
immediately replied
776
00:44:56,700 --> 00:45:00,570
in that incredibly
upper-class diction of hers,
777
00:45:00,570 --> 00:45:04,120
"Well, Clare,
that is really strange.
778
00:45:04,120 --> 00:45:08,210
Because last night,
Phil came to me in a dream
779
00:45:08,210 --> 00:45:10,630
and he said Harry
was full of shit."
780
00:45:10,630 --> 00:45:11,750
[laughs]
781
00:45:15,670 --> 00:45:20,430
[Katharine] I really hate fights
and I hate this kind of scene,
782
00:45:20,430 --> 00:45:25,270
but when cornered,
then I can fight.
783
00:45:25,270 --> 00:45:28,730
She learned
how to intimidate the hell
784
00:45:28,730 --> 00:45:30,480
out of everybody she met.
785
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:32,480
[Katharine]
I obviously grew on the job.
786
00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:34,190
You have to.
787
00:45:34,190 --> 00:45:36,530
I was very anxious,
788
00:45:36,530 --> 00:45:38,950
but I also didn't think we had
any choice except to proceed.
789
00:45:38,950 --> 00:45:42,410
♪♪
790
00:45:42,410 --> 00:45:44,950
[Bernstein]
There is an incrementalism
791
00:45:44,950 --> 00:45:47,460
to the coverage of the story.
792
00:45:47,460 --> 00:45:52,040
We found out about
the secret fund,
793
00:45:52,040 --> 00:45:54,550
and we found out
that John N. Mitchell,
794
00:45:54,550 --> 00:45:56,670
former Attorney General
of the United States,
795
00:45:56,670 --> 00:45:59,340
and Nixon's
former law partner
796
00:45:59,340 --> 00:46:01,470
and manager of his campaign,
797
00:46:01,470 --> 00:46:05,430
that he was among those
who controlled that fund.
798
00:46:05,430 --> 00:46:07,770
There has been no indication
or no proof
799
00:46:07,770 --> 00:46:10,440
that any funds have
been siphoned off of any
800
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:13,900
of the committees in connection
with the Watergate bugging.
801
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:20,820
[Bernstein] So I had a phone
number for Mitchell,
802
00:46:20,820 --> 00:46:23,280
and I called him
and he answered the phone
803
00:46:23,280 --> 00:46:25,620
and I told him
why I was calling.
804
00:46:25,620 --> 00:46:28,330
There was a story
in the next day's paper.
805
00:46:28,330 --> 00:46:30,120
I started to read it to him
806
00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:31,830
and I got as far
as John N. Mitchell,
807
00:46:31,830 --> 00:46:33,420
while Attorney General
of the United States,
808
00:46:33,420 --> 00:46:36,170
controlled a secret fund.
809
00:46:36,170 --> 00:46:38,630
And Mitchell said,
"Jesus Christ, all that crap
810
00:46:38,630 --> 00:46:40,670
you're putting in the paper.
811
00:46:40,670 --> 00:46:42,380
If you print that,
Katie Graham is going to get
812
00:46:42,380 --> 00:46:45,600
her tit caught
in a big, fat wringer."
813
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:48,520
And I literally felt a chill,
literally.
814
00:46:48,520 --> 00:46:50,480
He hung up the phone.
815
00:46:50,480 --> 00:46:54,900
♪♪
816
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:56,980
[Katharine]
Ben told Carl to use it all
817
00:46:56,980 --> 00:46:59,740
except the specific reference
to my tit.
818
00:47:03,490 --> 00:47:06,490
There was a concentration on me
819
00:47:06,490 --> 00:47:08,580
as the personification
of the paper,
820
00:47:08,580 --> 00:47:11,160
because I was a woman
in this job,
821
00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:13,880
and therefore this was
all my doing.
822
00:47:13,880 --> 00:47:17,130
I mean,
that was a loud message.
823
00:47:17,130 --> 00:47:19,420
It's easier
to go after the women.
824
00:47:19,420 --> 00:47:20,960
You know, it's just easier.
825
00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:34,770
I mean, she was
the perfect target, too --
826
00:47:34,770 --> 00:47:38,270
a woman in a man's world.
827
00:47:53,750 --> 00:47:57,580
I think it was hard
for men to accept the fact
828
00:47:57,580 --> 00:47:59,460
that women could be more than,
829
00:47:59,460 --> 00:48:02,170
you know,
the secretary in the office.
830
00:48:02,170 --> 00:48:04,760
I'm sure Nixon looked at her
as, you know,
831
00:48:04,760 --> 00:48:07,470
she came
into the job by accident
832
00:48:07,470 --> 00:48:09,680
and was unprepared.
833
00:49:13,790 --> 00:49:16,790
[Katharine] So I think he was
a real Jekyll-Hyde character,
834
00:49:16,790 --> 00:49:18,250
because he had all these things
835
00:49:18,250 --> 00:49:20,670
that we keep seeing
coming out on the tapes
836
00:49:20,670 --> 00:49:23,420
and this really low-level side
to him.
837
00:49:28,180 --> 00:49:31,100
In October, the tempo
of the whole story picked up.
838
00:49:35,350 --> 00:49:37,730
I think for the first time,
we're starting to see
839
00:49:37,730 --> 00:49:41,520
the general outlines
of the whole conspiracy
840
00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:43,400
and the subsequent cover-up.
841
00:50:05,500 --> 00:50:11,510
Watergate required decision
making on all kinds of levels,
842
00:50:11,510 --> 00:50:13,220
and that required great
collaboration
843
00:50:13,220 --> 00:50:16,060
between Ben and Katharine.
844
00:50:16,060 --> 00:50:18,810
In terms of the pressure
845
00:50:18,810 --> 00:50:23,020
that the publisher was under,
it was enormous.
846
00:50:23,020 --> 00:50:27,780
I made a lot of speeches
defending us during Watergate.
847
00:50:27,780 --> 00:50:30,700
The suggestion has been
made that out of some personal
848
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:33,780
and let me add, non-existent,
hatred for the president,
849
00:50:33,780 --> 00:50:35,620
I personally ordered a campaign
850
00:50:35,620 --> 00:50:37,830
against the Nixon
administration.
851
00:50:37,830 --> 00:50:39,580
I was trying to explain
852
00:50:39,580 --> 00:50:42,540
that we weren't
after the administration.
853
00:50:42,540 --> 00:50:45,920
It wasn't our intention
to do them in.
854
00:50:45,920 --> 00:50:48,630
This is not a charge
we can afford to take lightly,
855
00:50:48,630 --> 00:50:50,590
because it goes
straight to the central issue
856
00:50:50,590 --> 00:50:52,720
of fairness and objectivity,
857
00:50:52,720 --> 00:50:55,010
as distinct from bias
in the reporting of news.
858
00:51:04,650 --> 00:51:07,900
[Secretary]
Mr. President, Mr. Colson.
859
00:51:24,670 --> 00:51:27,670
We knew that Watergate
was a big bore
860
00:51:27,670 --> 00:51:30,460
to most American people,
and Nixon won in a landslide.
861
00:51:34,220 --> 00:51:35,340
[Katharine]
President Nixon was re-elected
862
00:51:35,340 --> 00:51:38,060
with 61% of the vote,
863
00:51:38,060 --> 00:51:40,600
evidence of how little impact
Watergate had had.
864
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:45,560
Nixon immediately turned
to vengeance
865
00:51:45,560 --> 00:51:48,070
and to strengthening
his hold on power.
866
00:52:03,210 --> 00:52:07,340
Unfairness is often
in the eyes of the beholder,
867
00:52:07,340 --> 00:52:10,340
especially when he feels some
particular interest of his own
868
00:52:10,340 --> 00:52:12,170
has been adversely affected
869
00:52:12,170 --> 00:52:14,630
by what others would term
a neutral news report.
870
00:52:14,630 --> 00:52:16,760
We are in business, after all,
of describing people
871
00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:20,850
and their activities
and their causes and conflicts.
872
00:52:20,850 --> 00:52:23,230
And it is a simple fact
that people do not like
873
00:52:23,230 --> 00:52:25,060
to be described by others.
874
00:52:25,060 --> 00:52:28,060
The first job of journalism,
875
00:52:28,060 --> 00:52:32,530
and this is essential,
is to put pressure on power,
876
00:52:32,530 --> 00:52:35,740
pressure on power,
investigative pressure,
877
00:52:35,740 --> 00:52:38,030
reporting pressure,
878
00:52:38,030 --> 00:52:41,660
intellectual pressure on the
ideas being put out by power.
879
00:52:41,660 --> 00:52:46,000
And if a newspaper or a site
that's serious isn't doing that,
880
00:52:46,000 --> 00:52:48,630
they're not doing anything.
881
00:53:18,660 --> 00:53:20,700
[Katharine] The performance
of the reporters and editors
882
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:23,450
on the Watergate story
speaks for itself,
883
00:53:23,450 --> 00:53:27,330
and in our judgment, it speaks
well for American journalism.
884
00:53:27,330 --> 00:53:29,210
For what it really
comes down to,
885
00:53:29,210 --> 00:53:31,420
is nothing less than the state
of the First Amendment,
886
00:53:31,420 --> 00:53:34,210
our freedom to gather the news
and to publish it,
887
00:53:34,210 --> 00:53:36,130
and your freedom to read it.
888
00:53:36,130 --> 00:53:43,810
♪♪
889
00:53:43,810 --> 00:53:46,100
[Pres. Nixon] No reporter
from The Washington Post
890
00:53:46,100 --> 00:53:47,560
is ever to be
in the White House.
891
00:53:47,560 --> 00:53:49,350
Is that clear?
[Ziegler] Absolutely.
892
00:53:49,350 --> 00:53:51,900
No reporter
from The Washington Post
893
00:53:51,900 --> 00:53:54,280
is ever to be
in the White House again.
894
00:53:54,280 --> 00:53:56,320
And no photographer
either.
895
00:53:56,320 --> 00:53:58,240
No photographer.
Is that clear? Yes, sir.
896
00:53:58,240 --> 00:54:01,870
None ever to be in.
Now, that is a total order.
897
00:54:01,870 --> 00:54:04,700
And if necessary,
I'll fire you.
898
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:06,370
You understand?
I do understand.
899
00:54:06,370 --> 00:54:09,830
Okay.
900
00:54:09,830 --> 00:54:12,080
[Katharine]
They were really after us.
901
00:54:12,080 --> 00:54:14,460
They were trying to get even,
902
00:54:14,460 --> 00:54:19,050
and they wanted to do as much
damage as they could do to us.
903
00:54:19,050 --> 00:54:21,340
The Nixon administration
was accused today
904
00:54:21,340 --> 00:54:24,220
of raising the most serious
challenge to a free press
905
00:54:24,220 --> 00:54:26,060
in modern history.
906
00:54:26,060 --> 00:54:28,390
Two Florida television
stations owned
907
00:54:28,390 --> 00:54:30,230
by The Washington Post Company,
908
00:54:30,230 --> 00:54:32,730
whose newspaper is often
critical of the administration,
909
00:54:32,730 --> 00:54:35,440
now are facing
license renewal fights.
910
00:54:35,440 --> 00:54:38,400
If people perceive
your television licenses,
911
00:54:38,400 --> 00:54:40,700
which are very valuable,
as being in danger,
912
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:44,160
um, your stock falls.
913
00:54:44,160 --> 00:54:45,410
And it did.
914
00:55:06,390 --> 00:55:09,560
The idea that we could lose
our television licenses
915
00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:13,020
made the stock dive,
916
00:55:13,020 --> 00:55:15,320
and so the company was
worth half what it had been
917
00:55:15,320 --> 00:55:17,110
before Watergate started.
918
00:55:17,110 --> 00:55:19,360
[Warren] It really got dumped.
919
00:55:19,360 --> 00:55:23,110
It went from about 38
to, like, 21.
920
00:55:23,110 --> 00:55:26,830
It was cheap at 38,
in relation to the real value,
921
00:55:26,830 --> 00:55:28,910
but it got dumped
922
00:55:28,910 --> 00:55:31,830
and it got dumped
by big institutional holders.
923
00:55:31,830 --> 00:55:35,340
So in a very short
period of time,
924
00:55:35,340 --> 00:55:39,090
we were able to buy
a significant amount
925
00:55:39,090 --> 00:55:42,300
of the "B" shares,
which had limited voting power.
926
00:55:42,300 --> 00:55:44,430
They did not represent a threat
927
00:55:44,430 --> 00:55:47,260
to the Graham family
for control.
928
00:55:47,260 --> 00:55:51,810
[Katharine] He bought into the
company and I didn't know him.
929
00:55:51,810 --> 00:55:54,770
I looked him up
and I checked him out,
930
00:55:54,770 --> 00:55:59,320
and I was really scared
of his buying in
931
00:55:59,320 --> 00:56:03,990
and worried
that he wasn't benevolent.
932
00:56:05,740 --> 00:56:07,580
[Warren]
She was trying to size me up
933
00:56:07,580 --> 00:56:09,410
and everybody around her
told her,
934
00:56:09,410 --> 00:56:12,290
"Watch out for this guy."
935
00:56:12,290 --> 00:56:15,500
[Don] Warren Buffett was
not famous in 1973.
936
00:56:15,500 --> 00:56:17,340
There hadn't been much written
about him,
937
00:56:17,340 --> 00:56:19,840
and I didn't know what
to make of this.
938
00:56:19,840 --> 00:56:22,760
Nobody had ever done
such a thing,
939
00:56:22,760 --> 00:56:28,010
but my mother had often
a great ability
940
00:56:28,010 --> 00:56:32,810
to recognize
highly talented people.
941
00:56:32,810 --> 00:56:34,520
[Katharine] A lot of people
said, "Stiff-arm him.
942
00:56:34,520 --> 00:56:36,600
He's buying too much stock.
943
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:38,310
He means you no good."
944
00:56:38,310 --> 00:56:39,770
My native instinct,
945
00:56:39,770 --> 00:56:41,980
and I think I learned it
from Phil, actually,
946
00:56:41,980 --> 00:56:46,110
was, "Let's take a look,
let's see what he's like."
947
00:56:46,110 --> 00:56:48,620
And so I asked to meet him.
948
00:56:52,830 --> 00:56:54,960
[Susie] She was coming out
to California.
949
00:56:54,960 --> 00:56:57,420
We were out there
at our house in Laguna Beach.
950
00:56:57,420 --> 00:57:01,630
My dad bought a bathing suit
and actually pretended
951
00:57:01,630 --> 00:57:03,960
like he went to the beach,
which he didn't really do,
952
00:57:03,960 --> 00:57:07,590
but he wanted to act
like he was Mr. California
953
00:57:07,590 --> 00:57:10,510
because she was coming
and it was this big deal.
954
00:57:10,510 --> 00:57:15,230
It was like the Queen was
arriving, according to my dad.
955
00:57:15,230 --> 00:57:17,230
I said, "Mrs. Graham,
you control this company
956
00:57:17,230 --> 00:57:18,440
lock, stock and barrel,
957
00:57:18,440 --> 00:57:20,480
but you're still worried
about me."
958
00:57:20,480 --> 00:57:22,150
So I said, "What you're
doing is you're looking at me
959
00:57:22,150 --> 00:57:24,650
and you're seeing fangs,
and I'm telling you,
960
00:57:24,650 --> 00:57:27,780
these are baby teeth, but they
always look like fangs to you.
961
00:57:27,780 --> 00:57:29,620
And there's nothing I can do
except take them out.
962
00:57:29,620 --> 00:57:31,160
I'm going to just take
them all out."
963
00:57:31,160 --> 00:57:33,080
And I said,
"I'll sign an agreement
964
00:57:33,080 --> 00:57:34,750
that I'll never buy
another share of stock
965
00:57:34,750 --> 00:57:36,080
of Washington Post
unless you give me the okay.
966
00:57:36,080 --> 00:57:38,250
You know,
I want you happy with me.
967
00:57:38,250 --> 00:57:40,790
I don't want you nervous
about me."
968
00:57:40,790 --> 00:57:44,380
[Katharine] He thinks very
creatively about business.
969
00:57:44,380 --> 00:57:47,630
And I thought, "Whoa,
this guy's really terrific."
970
00:57:47,630 --> 00:57:53,350
And he taught me so much
about business.
971
00:57:53,350 --> 00:57:56,270
I felt very lucky
when I realized
972
00:57:56,270 --> 00:58:00,770
that he had just arrived
on our doorstep unexpectedly.
973
00:58:00,770 --> 00:58:03,190
[Don]
She was beyond lucky.
974
00:58:03,190 --> 00:58:05,240
Thank God our stock got so cheap
975
00:58:05,240 --> 00:58:09,780
that it attracted Warren's
attention in 1973,
976
00:58:09,780 --> 00:58:13,410
but it was the greatest thing.
977
00:58:13,410 --> 00:58:15,790
In business,
978
00:58:15,790 --> 00:58:19,080
it was the greatest thing that
ever happened to Kay Graham.
979
00:58:19,080 --> 00:58:20,750
[Katharine] So I got to know him
better and better.
980
00:58:20,750 --> 00:58:23,250
And finally I invited him
on the board.
981
00:58:23,250 --> 00:58:24,880
I saw things
you wouldn't think you would see
982
00:58:24,880 --> 00:58:28,170
in corporate America,
I'll put it that way.
983
00:58:28,170 --> 00:58:30,720
She was getting a lot of baloney
from executives
984
00:58:30,720 --> 00:58:33,600
that were excusing
poor performance,
985
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:36,100
telling her that if she
understood more about business
986
00:58:36,100 --> 00:58:38,180
they were doing
the right things.
987
00:58:38,180 --> 00:58:40,770
Everybody worked on her.
988
00:58:40,770 --> 00:58:44,360
They wanted to be close to her
and direct her
989
00:58:44,360 --> 00:58:49,990
as much as they could, and they
wanted to play on her fears.
990
00:58:49,990 --> 00:58:52,410
He built up her self-confidence
991
00:58:52,410 --> 00:58:54,030
and he told her,
"You can do this.
992
00:58:54,030 --> 00:58:56,700
You're smart.
You're doing great."
993
00:58:56,700 --> 00:58:59,250
And she needed to hear that.
994
00:59:01,790 --> 00:59:06,500
He's always been
very strongly pro-woman.
995
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:10,800
You know, he had two sisters,
and they're as smart as he is.
996
00:59:10,800 --> 00:59:13,260
And they didn't have
the same opportunities.
997
00:59:13,260 --> 00:59:16,640
That's how it was
when they were younger.
998
00:59:16,640 --> 00:59:19,350
You know, you were just expected
to be the housewife
999
00:59:19,350 --> 00:59:24,190
or maybe a teacher
or a nurse or a secretary.
1000
00:59:24,190 --> 00:59:27,570
I think my dad learned
a lot from my mother.
1001
00:59:27,570 --> 00:59:28,900
I grew up in a house
1002
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:30,530
where that wasn't the message
I got
1003
00:59:30,530 --> 00:59:32,950
as the only girl
in the household.
1004
00:59:32,950 --> 00:59:36,120
But, you know, I'm sure
Mrs. Graham got that message,
1005
00:59:36,120 --> 00:59:38,450
and -- and I know that
my dad would say his sisters
1006
00:59:38,450 --> 00:59:41,750
got the same message.
1007
00:59:41,750 --> 00:59:44,960
So he was very helpful to her
in that sense.
1008
00:59:44,960 --> 00:59:49,170
I think she learned
just a ton from him.
1009
00:59:49,170 --> 00:59:50,920
[Osberg] I believe from her
point of view,
1010
00:59:50,920 --> 00:59:53,340
he literally changed her life.
1011
00:59:53,340 --> 00:59:57,390
She didn't know numbers.
She didn't know finance.
1012
00:59:57,390 --> 01:00:01,270
He was her guide and her coach.
1013
01:00:01,270 --> 01:00:02,850
He used to come
to board meetings
1014
01:00:02,850 --> 01:00:05,480
with about 20 annual reports,
1015
01:00:05,480 --> 01:00:07,860
and he would take me
through these annual reports.
1016
01:00:07,860 --> 01:00:09,360
I mean, it was
like going to business school
1017
01:00:09,360 --> 01:00:12,610
with Warren Buffett.
1018
01:00:12,610 --> 01:00:14,070
[Warren]
I became her best friend.
1019
01:00:14,070 --> 01:00:20,240
♪♪
1020
01:00:20,240 --> 01:00:23,710
There was some justification
for being worried about what
1021
01:00:23,710 --> 01:00:26,460
Nixon might do about
TV stations.
1022
01:00:26,460 --> 01:00:30,880
She always felt that
The Post was more vulnerable
1023
01:00:30,880 --> 01:00:33,800
to financial troubles
than it was.
1024
01:00:35,880 --> 01:00:37,800
[Pres. Nixon] Hello.
[Secretary] Mr. President, Mr. Colson.
1025
01:01:11,380 --> 01:01:19,850
♪♪
1026
01:01:19,850 --> 01:01:23,930
[Katharine] I lay awake
many nights worrying.
1027
01:01:23,930 --> 01:01:26,640
The very existence
of The Post was at stake.
1028
01:01:28,940 --> 01:01:30,900
[Don] There were threats.
1029
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:33,980
Henry Kissinger, for one,
told her to be very careful.
1030
01:01:36,860 --> 01:01:39,410
Ben Bradlee,
your editor in chief,
1031
01:01:39,410 --> 01:01:41,740
has said that you have
the guts of a burglar,
1032
01:01:41,740 --> 01:01:44,410
which he meant
as a high compliment.
1033
01:01:44,410 --> 01:01:47,080
Weren't you frightened?
1034
01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:50,670
When Ben said guts
of the burglar,
1035
01:01:50,670 --> 01:01:53,300
it's a kind
of nice expression,
1036
01:01:53,300 --> 01:01:55,590
meaning that the management
of the paper
1037
01:01:55,590 --> 01:01:58,590
was going to back
the editorial people up.
1038
01:01:58,590 --> 01:02:02,140
And the answer to
where we scared is yes.
1039
01:02:02,140 --> 01:02:04,350
We had a great deal
at stake.
1040
01:02:07,020 --> 01:02:08,690
You'd see them
in the newsroom together,
1041
01:02:08,690 --> 01:02:10,900
and there was
an immense closeness.
1042
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:13,320
Not only
did they work well together
1043
01:02:13,320 --> 01:02:16,610
and with some efficiency
and common purpose,
1044
01:02:16,610 --> 01:02:19,200
but she stood behind him
and not only with her money,
1045
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:22,950
but with her institution
and support.
1046
01:02:22,950 --> 01:02:27,290
Bradlee understood
Katharine Graham.
1047
01:02:27,290 --> 01:02:33,540
He gave her confidence
and she gave him permission.
1048
01:02:33,540 --> 01:02:39,130
She made it a point
to take home the research
1049
01:02:39,130 --> 01:02:43,760
into all the illegalities
of the Nixon administration,
1050
01:02:43,760 --> 01:02:48,440
to take home the papers,
to safeguard them every night,
1051
01:02:48,440 --> 01:02:52,190
so that the research
couldn't be seized
1052
01:02:52,190 --> 01:02:56,110
by any Nixonian outside forces.
1053
01:02:56,110 --> 01:02:58,940
[Bernstein] I got a call from
the guard at the desk
1054
01:02:58,940 --> 01:03:01,910
saying he had a subpoena
for our notes.
1055
01:03:01,910 --> 01:03:04,580
Bradlee said,
"Hold on a minute.
1056
01:03:04,580 --> 01:03:06,870
Just let me get back to you."
1057
01:03:06,870 --> 01:03:10,290
And he called Katharine
and he said, "Okay,
1058
01:03:10,290 --> 01:03:12,040
they're not your notes.
1059
01:03:12,040 --> 01:03:13,840
Katherine says they're
her notes.
1060
01:03:13,840 --> 01:03:16,340
And if anybody
is going to go to jail
1061
01:03:16,340 --> 01:03:18,960
for withholding their notes
and not turning it over,
1062
01:03:18,960 --> 01:03:20,130
it's going to be her."
1063
01:03:23,010 --> 01:03:24,930
[Milloy] You needed nerve.
1064
01:03:24,930 --> 01:03:27,600
You need to be
able to withstand stuff.
1065
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:31,140
Kay Graham set the standard,
a high bar, for having nerve.
1066
01:03:31,140 --> 01:03:38,690
♪♪
1067
01:03:38,690 --> 01:03:41,650
[Male reporter] The Watergate
scandal broke wide open today.
1068
01:03:41,650 --> 01:03:43,820
The two closest
men to the president,
1069
01:03:43,820 --> 01:03:46,120
H.R. Haldeman,
his chief of staff,
1070
01:03:46,120 --> 01:03:49,870
and John Ehrlichman, his chief
domestic adviser, have resigned.
1071
01:03:49,870 --> 01:03:52,040
The president's
White House legal counsel,
1072
01:03:52,040 --> 01:03:54,830
John Dean, has been fired.
1073
01:03:54,830 --> 01:03:56,750
[Man] Eventually it's
going to come out.
1074
01:03:56,750 --> 01:03:59,590
There's just too damn
many people involved.
1075
01:03:59,590 --> 01:04:01,510
[Pres. Nixon] The whole goddamn
story is going to come out.
1076
01:04:01,510 --> 01:04:02,760
The whole story
is going to come out.
1077
01:04:05,430 --> 01:04:07,510
The Senate tonight voted 77
to nothing
1078
01:04:07,510 --> 01:04:09,930
to establish a select committee
to investigate
1079
01:04:09,930 --> 01:04:13,600
alleged political espionage in
last year's election campaign.
1080
01:04:13,600 --> 01:04:16,110
That includes
the Watergate bugging case.
1081
01:04:19,320 --> 01:04:20,740
[Ervin] The committee
will come to order.
1082
01:04:23,150 --> 01:04:26,820
John Dean,
Nixon's White House counsel,
1083
01:04:26,820 --> 01:04:31,250
turned against Nixon and
gave days of detailed testimony
1084
01:04:31,250 --> 01:04:34,750
about Nixon's involvement.
1085
01:04:34,750 --> 01:04:37,500
[Dean] I'm convinced
that the Senate decided
1086
01:04:37,500 --> 01:04:39,670
to set up a special
select committee
1087
01:04:39,670 --> 01:04:43,760
to investigate it.
It's because of The Post.
1088
01:04:43,760 --> 01:04:45,930
At one point
in the conversation,
1089
01:04:45,930 --> 01:04:48,350
I recall the president
telling me to keep a good list
1090
01:04:48,350 --> 01:04:50,520
of the press people
giving us trouble
1091
01:04:50,520 --> 01:04:52,430
because we'll make
life difficult for them
1092
01:04:52,430 --> 01:04:56,060
after the election.
1093
01:04:56,060 --> 01:04:58,560
[Susie]
Every day in front of the TV
1094
01:04:58,560 --> 01:05:01,150
with my dad watching
the Watergate hearings.
1095
01:05:01,150 --> 01:05:04,950
That's what I remember.
I mean, it was fascinating.
1096
01:05:04,950 --> 01:05:07,780
[Utley]
There was a surprise witness at the Watergate hearings today,
1097
01:05:07,780 --> 01:05:10,410
and he made
a dramatic disclosure.
1098
01:05:10,410 --> 01:05:12,700
[Man] Are you aware
of the installation
1099
01:05:12,700 --> 01:05:15,080
of any listening devices in the
Oval Office of the president?
1100
01:05:15,080 --> 01:05:18,420
♪♪
1101
01:05:18,420 --> 01:05:22,340
I was aware of
listening devices.
1102
01:05:22,340 --> 01:05:24,880
Yes, sir.
1103
01:05:24,880 --> 01:05:27,680
[Warren] Nixon was a very smart
guy in some ways,
1104
01:05:27,680 --> 01:05:29,640
and he was, you know,
about as paranoid
1105
01:05:29,640 --> 01:05:34,350
as you could be,
but he self-destructed.
1106
01:05:34,350 --> 01:05:35,810
The Senate
Watergate Committee learned
1107
01:05:35,810 --> 01:05:37,520
of the existence
of tape recordings
1108
01:05:37,520 --> 01:05:39,610
of President Nixon's
conversations.
1109
01:05:39,610 --> 01:05:41,780
The committee immediately
asked for those tapes.
1110
01:05:41,780 --> 01:05:47,320
And today it got its reply --
a formal, official "no."
1111
01:05:47,320 --> 01:05:49,030
Things were getting worse
and worse and worse.
1112
01:05:49,030 --> 01:05:52,040
And you saw that
the presidency was coming apart.
1113
01:05:52,040 --> 01:05:53,830
The Supreme Court
has just ruled
1114
01:05:53,830 --> 01:05:55,750
on the tape controversy
and here is Carl Stern,
1115
01:05:55,750 --> 01:05:57,040
who has that ruling.
1116
01:05:57,040 --> 01:05:58,500
It is a unanimous
decision, Doug.
1117
01:05:58,500 --> 01:06:00,210
8 to 0.
1118
01:06:00,210 --> 01:06:02,590
Justice Rehnquist took
no part in the decision
1119
01:06:02,590 --> 01:06:04,340
ordering the president
of the United States
1120
01:06:04,340 --> 01:06:07,590
to turn over the tapes.
1121
01:06:07,590 --> 01:06:10,720
[Katharine] We were essentially
saved by the tapes.
1122
01:06:10,720 --> 01:06:14,180
You know,
if the tapes hadn't come out,
1123
01:06:14,180 --> 01:06:16,520
I don't know where we'd all be.
1124
01:06:16,520 --> 01:06:19,100
[Mudd] The president
himself admitted
1125
01:06:19,100 --> 01:06:21,730
he has lost his
impeachment fight in the House.
1126
01:06:21,730 --> 01:06:23,400
[Chancellor] It looks as
though President Nixon
1127
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:25,070
Is going to resign tonight.
1128
01:06:25,070 --> 01:06:31,070
♪♪
1129
01:06:31,070 --> 01:06:33,410
[Katharine] I was on vacation
on Martha's Vineyard,
1130
01:06:33,410 --> 01:06:36,040
and I got on a plane and went
right back to the paper
1131
01:06:36,040 --> 01:06:38,250
because I thought
I wanted to be there.
1132
01:06:43,250 --> 01:06:44,960
[applause]
1133
01:06:48,220 --> 01:06:51,430
[Woodward]
The day Nixon resigned...
1134
01:06:51,430 --> 01:06:54,300
Fascinating moment.
1135
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:56,770
His farewell to the staff,
1136
01:06:56,770 --> 01:07:01,440
his friends in the East Room
of the White House.
1137
01:07:01,440 --> 01:07:06,280
Uh, it was a psychiatric hour
on live television.
1138
01:07:06,280 --> 01:07:09,900
I remember my old man.
1139
01:07:09,900 --> 01:07:13,280
I think that...
they would've called him
1140
01:07:13,280 --> 01:07:14,580
sort of a...
1141
01:07:14,580 --> 01:07:18,830
a sort of little man,
common man.
1142
01:07:18,830 --> 01:07:20,370
My mother was a saint.
1143
01:07:23,380 --> 01:07:26,880
She will have no books
written about her.
1144
01:07:26,880 --> 01:07:32,590
♪♪
1145
01:07:32,590 --> 01:07:34,430
But she was a saint.
1146
01:07:38,480 --> 01:07:42,850
Now, however,
we look to the future.
1147
01:07:44,480 --> 01:07:49,860
Always remember,
others may hate you,
1148
01:07:49,860 --> 01:07:55,410
but those who hate you
don't win unless you hate them.
1149
01:07:55,410 --> 01:07:57,740
And then you destroy
yourself.
1150
01:08:00,120 --> 01:08:01,960
He got it.
1151
01:08:01,960 --> 01:08:06,540
Hate was the piston
that drove him.
1152
01:08:09,130 --> 01:08:13,680
Nixon used the presidency
1153
01:08:13,680 --> 01:08:16,470
as an instrument
of personal revenge.
1154
01:08:18,640 --> 01:08:21,980
And that was the poison -- hate.
1155
01:08:27,440 --> 01:08:30,280
[Katharine] Nixon hated The Post
and us personally
1156
01:08:30,280 --> 01:08:32,320
through his dying day.
1157
01:08:34,320 --> 01:08:38,330
When he left in the helicopter,
1158
01:08:38,330 --> 01:08:41,750
the first time I heard
the words "President Ford,"
1159
01:08:41,750 --> 01:08:46,420
I just couldn't believe it.
1160
01:08:46,420 --> 01:08:48,800
And I really did feel relieved.
1161
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:55,760
♪♪
1162
01:08:55,760 --> 01:08:58,010
[Male reporter] No other paper
kept after the Watergate story
1163
01:08:58,010 --> 01:08:59,510
the way
The Washington Post did.
1164
01:08:59,510 --> 01:09:01,770
It could not have happened
1165
01:09:01,770 --> 01:09:03,810
unless Mrs. Graham
had wanted it.
1166
01:09:06,480 --> 01:09:09,150
[Katharine]
People have occasionally said
1167
01:09:09,150 --> 01:09:11,230
that we brought
down a president,
1168
01:09:11,230 --> 01:09:13,490
and I want to emphasize
that did not happen.
1169
01:09:16,160 --> 01:09:18,990
[Warren] She backed Ben Bradlee
at a time
1170
01:09:18,990 --> 01:09:21,290
when politicians
were opposing her,
1171
01:09:21,290 --> 01:09:23,540
other news organizations
were not picking up on it.
1172
01:09:23,540 --> 01:09:26,290
The Washington Post
was out there all by itself.
1173
01:09:26,290 --> 01:09:29,670
And that piece of journalism
changed the world.
1174
01:09:32,260 --> 01:09:36,510
[Katharine] I didn't take
any personal pleasure in this.
1175
01:09:36,510 --> 01:09:39,600
We were pleased at having
our reporting vindicated,
1176
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:43,390
but I don't think that anybody
wanted to bring him down
1177
01:09:43,390 --> 01:09:46,270
or thought that President
of the United States
1178
01:09:46,270 --> 01:09:48,480
having to resign
because he would be impeached
1179
01:09:48,480 --> 01:09:50,480
was a great event
for the country.
1180
01:09:50,480 --> 01:09:51,650
We didn't.
1181
01:09:51,650 --> 01:10:01,700
♪♪
1182
01:10:01,700 --> 01:10:04,160
[Man] For her relentless pursuit
of the truth
1183
01:10:04,160 --> 01:10:06,540
and for her courage
in using the media
1184
01:10:06,540 --> 01:10:09,880
to uphold the principle
of the people's right to know,
1185
01:10:09,880 --> 01:10:11,630
Katharine Graham.
1186
01:10:11,630 --> 01:10:16,220
[applause]
1187
01:10:16,220 --> 01:10:18,800
I'm proud to accept this award
1188
01:10:18,800 --> 01:10:21,350
for everyone at The Post
who contributed
1189
01:10:21,350 --> 01:10:23,600
to our Watergate coverage,
especially.
1190
01:10:23,600 --> 01:10:27,020
My husband, Philip Graham,
1191
01:10:27,020 --> 01:10:30,100
once described the job
of the press
1192
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:33,400
as providing a first
rough draft of history
1193
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:37,530
that will never
be fully completed,
1194
01:10:37,530 --> 01:10:42,120
about a world we can
never completely understand.
1195
01:10:42,120 --> 01:10:43,620
For its
investigative reporting
1196
01:10:43,620 --> 01:10:45,700
of the Watergate scandal,
1197
01:10:45,700 --> 01:10:47,710
The Washington Post
today won the Pulitzer Prize
1198
01:10:47,710 --> 01:10:49,540
for Distinguished
Public Service.
1199
01:10:49,540 --> 01:10:51,250
That's not surprising news,
1200
01:10:51,250 --> 01:10:53,630
since The Post did
better work on that story
1201
01:10:53,630 --> 01:10:56,210
than any other institution
in American journalism.
1202
01:10:56,210 --> 01:10:57,800
The press in this country,
1203
01:10:57,800 --> 01:10:59,550
under a constitutional
democracy,
1204
01:10:59,550 --> 01:11:02,050
is set up to be the critic
of the government.
1205
01:11:02,050 --> 01:11:04,140
And it's very important
1206
01:11:04,140 --> 01:11:08,440
that they do that
with a lot of responsibility.
1207
01:11:08,440 --> 01:11:11,270
We were proud of the part
we had played.
1208
01:11:11,270 --> 01:11:13,770
The pressures on us
up to that point, however,
1209
01:11:13,770 --> 01:11:17,650
when nothing to those
that followed.
1210
01:11:17,650 --> 01:11:20,450
Just as I thought
things had calmed down,
1211
01:11:20,450 --> 01:11:23,070
we went through
a very violent pressmen strike.
1212
01:11:33,960 --> 01:11:35,590
[Reasoner] Publication
of The Washington Post
1213
01:11:35,590 --> 01:11:37,710
has been suspended
because of a strike by the men
1214
01:11:37,710 --> 01:11:41,010
who run the paper's
printing presses.
1215
01:11:41,010 --> 01:11:42,800
[Katharine]
There was mass picketing.
1216
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:46,760
There were fire trucks.
Smoke. Television cameras.
1217
01:11:46,760 --> 01:11:48,560
Lights.
1218
01:11:48,560 --> 01:11:51,900
And it was just
an unbelievable scene.
1219
01:11:51,900 --> 01:11:53,980
They all saw me coming,
1220
01:11:53,980 --> 01:11:56,940
and I had to walk
through the mass picket line...
1221
01:11:59,320 --> 01:12:02,530
...which was a little scary.
1222
01:12:05,320 --> 01:12:07,540
[Warren] She was terrified.
1223
01:12:07,540 --> 01:12:12,660
But she was more afraid
during the strike
1224
01:12:12,660 --> 01:12:15,210
that the whole place
would come crashing down
1225
01:12:15,210 --> 01:12:20,170
and that what
her father had bought in 1933
1226
01:12:20,170 --> 01:12:22,970
that she would be responsible
for destroying.
1227
01:12:25,600 --> 01:12:27,260
[Katharine]
The only way I can describe
1228
01:12:27,260 --> 01:12:29,600
the extent of my anxiety
1229
01:12:29,600 --> 01:12:33,060
is to say that I felt as
if I were pregnant with a rock.
1230
01:12:33,060 --> 01:12:35,400
Yet, despite my inner turmoil,
1231
01:12:35,400 --> 01:12:37,900
I had to appear calm
and determined
1232
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:40,440
and to come across
as optimistic in order
1233
01:12:40,440 --> 01:12:42,820
to convey that attitude
to others.
1234
01:12:46,660 --> 01:12:49,540
We announced that there
would be no paper the next day
1235
01:12:49,540 --> 01:12:51,450
and had no guess as to
1236
01:12:51,450 --> 01:12:55,420
when we would be
able to resume publication.
1237
01:12:55,420 --> 01:12:58,500
This is
not an isolated instance here
1238
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:00,260
The Post has created.
1239
01:13:00,260 --> 01:13:02,380
This follows a chain of activity
1240
01:13:02,380 --> 01:13:05,260
within the newspaper field
in this country.
1241
01:13:05,260 --> 01:13:07,100
This is not the first place
1242
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:09,060
where we've been forced
out on the street on strike.
1243
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,440
She was not anti-labor.
I mean, you know,
1244
01:13:15,440 --> 01:13:17,730
there are plenty of newspaper
publishers in the country
1245
01:13:17,730 --> 01:13:20,190
it was a matter of religion
to break unions
1246
01:13:20,190 --> 01:13:22,110
and all that sort of thing.
1247
01:13:22,110 --> 01:13:23,740
Kay did not feel that way
in the least.
1248
01:13:23,740 --> 01:13:25,780
I mean, she was working
on the West Coast.
1249
01:13:25,780 --> 01:13:28,910
I mean, she -- she knew
the labor leaders out there,
1250
01:13:28,910 --> 01:13:31,620
and she -- she was
in no way doctrinaire
1251
01:13:31,620 --> 01:13:34,500
about being anti-union.
1252
01:13:34,500 --> 01:13:36,790
[Katharine] I cared a great deal
about the company
1253
01:13:36,790 --> 01:13:41,130
and about The Post, which
that struggle for its existence
1254
01:13:41,130 --> 01:13:43,210
had been part of my whole life.
1255
01:13:43,210 --> 01:13:46,010
The strikers plainly thought,
1256
01:13:46,010 --> 01:13:50,220
"If you hit Katharine Graham
hard enough, she'll give up.
1257
01:13:50,220 --> 01:13:51,640
She'll give us what we want."
1258
01:13:54,640 --> 01:13:56,850
[Katharine] Someone had
previously been in touch
1259
01:13:56,850 --> 01:13:59,610
with several small,
non-union suburban papers
1260
01:13:59,610 --> 01:14:03,070
about printing parts of the
paper in the event of a strike.
1261
01:14:03,070 --> 01:14:06,570
Meanwhile, Roger Parkinson set
to work trying to find a way
1262
01:14:06,570 --> 01:14:08,410
to get the pages
from our building
1263
01:14:08,410 --> 01:14:11,660
to the outside small plants
for printing.
1264
01:14:11,660 --> 01:14:13,740
The Washington Post,
its presses
1265
01:14:13,740 --> 01:14:16,000
crippled in a violent strike
by press operators,
1266
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:18,290
said today that nonetheless,
1267
01:14:18,290 --> 01:14:20,210
tomorrow morning's editions
will come out.
1268
01:14:20,210 --> 01:14:23,050
The Post said out-of-town
presses will be used.
1269
01:14:23,050 --> 01:14:25,840
[Katharine] Having been in a
Green Beret unit in Vietnam,
1270
01:14:25,840 --> 01:14:28,180
Roger thought of helicopters
1271
01:14:28,180 --> 01:14:32,010
and had the wit to look
under "H" in the Yellow Pages,
1272
01:14:32,010 --> 01:14:33,390
where he found a company
1273
01:14:33,470 --> 01:14:35,430
willing
to contract for the flights.
1274
01:14:37,140 --> 01:14:39,350
The parking lot was dismissed
as being too close
1275
01:14:39,350 --> 01:14:41,440
to the picketers.
1276
01:14:41,440 --> 01:14:44,280
The roof was chosen
as being safer.
1277
01:14:46,440 --> 01:14:49,490
John Waits of production ran up
the stairs to the roof
1278
01:14:49,490 --> 01:14:52,080
with the film,
handing it to Roger,
1279
01:14:52,080 --> 01:14:54,790
who in turn
handed it over to the pilot.
1280
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:00,920
We all cheered
as the helicopter took off.
1281
01:15:00,920 --> 01:15:03,380
I was on the roof
watching an amazement.
1282
01:15:03,380 --> 01:15:07,720
♪♪
1283
01:15:07,720 --> 01:15:11,300
And in my great excitement,
realizing that this would work,
1284
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:13,390
I hugged everyone in sight.
1285
01:15:13,390 --> 01:15:24,110
♪♪
1286
01:15:24,110 --> 01:15:26,320
[Mudd] The Post today
put out a limited edition,
1287
01:15:26,320 --> 01:15:28,820
using the facilities
of at least six newspapers
1288
01:15:28,820 --> 01:15:31,530
within a 150-mile radius
of Washington.
1289
01:15:34,330 --> 01:15:37,620
One of the purposes
of a newspaper
1290
01:15:37,620 --> 01:15:40,370
is to be the conscience
of the community.
1291
01:15:40,370 --> 01:15:43,880
They monitor the government.
They monitor industry.
1292
01:15:43,880 --> 01:15:47,000
They monitor
the entire community.
1293
01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:50,260
The problem we have
with The Washington Post is
1294
01:15:50,260 --> 01:15:53,930
since they're everybody else's
conscience,
1295
01:15:53,930 --> 01:15:58,520
they've set themselves up where
no one can look at what they do.
1296
01:15:58,520 --> 01:16:03,860
This is not a strike for money,
it's a strike for dignity.
1297
01:16:03,860 --> 01:16:06,440
They can take their final offer
and shove it.
1298
01:16:06,440 --> 01:16:08,440
We are not going back.
1299
01:16:08,440 --> 01:16:10,820
[cheers and applause]
1300
01:16:10,820 --> 01:16:12,820
[Katharine] After the
overwhelming turn-down
1301
01:16:12,820 --> 01:16:15,080
of our final offer
by the union,
1302
01:16:15,080 --> 01:16:18,700
it was a question of when,
not if, to announce
1303
01:16:18,700 --> 01:16:21,830
that we would start
hiring replacement workers.
1304
01:16:21,830 --> 01:16:24,040
[Male reporter] For years,
The Washington Post
1305
01:16:24,040 --> 01:16:25,580
has been viewed as a bastion
1306
01:16:25,580 --> 01:16:27,800
of liberalism
among American newspapers.
1307
01:16:27,800 --> 01:16:31,130
But now The Post is finding
itself accused of union busting
1308
01:16:31,130 --> 01:16:33,340
by some of its liberal backers.
1309
01:16:33,340 --> 01:16:37,220
I think she did way more than
many other publishers
1310
01:16:37,220 --> 01:16:39,930
would have to try
to settle this,
1311
01:16:39,930 --> 01:16:42,520
but she wasn't going to hire
back the people who had,
1312
01:16:42,520 --> 01:16:44,900
uh, assaulted somebody,
1313
01:16:44,900 --> 01:16:48,520
the press room superintendent,
and set fire to the building.
1314
01:16:48,520 --> 01:16:51,360
[chanting "Boycott The Post!"]
1315
01:16:59,450 --> 01:17:01,500
[Don] In that march,
1316
01:17:01,500 --> 01:17:03,920
one of the leaders
of the Press Men's Union
1317
01:17:03,920 --> 01:17:10,340
carried a sign that said,
"Phil shot the wrong Graham,"
1318
01:17:10,340 --> 01:17:13,130
meaning he should
have shot my mother.
1319
01:17:16,510 --> 01:17:18,640
Indescribable.
1320
01:17:18,640 --> 01:17:21,680
I mean, I knew the guy
who was carrying that sign,
1321
01:17:21,680 --> 01:17:24,350
and so did she.
1322
01:17:24,350 --> 01:17:27,810
And in that same march,
1323
01:17:27,810 --> 01:17:32,740
the burning of an effigy
of Katharine Graham,
1324
01:17:32,740 --> 01:17:34,530
knowing that she was
in the building watching.
1325
01:17:34,530 --> 01:17:39,370
♪♪
1326
01:17:39,370 --> 01:17:43,750
It -- It certainly made it easy
to understand, uh,
1327
01:17:43,750 --> 01:17:45,540
what was at stake.
1328
01:17:45,540 --> 01:17:52,130
♪♪
1329
01:17:52,130 --> 01:17:56,050
[Warren] She empathized
enormously with the families
1330
01:17:56,050 --> 01:17:58,140
of the strikers and everything.
1331
01:17:58,140 --> 01:18:03,560
But with Kay, the newspaper
totally came first.
1332
01:18:03,560 --> 01:18:05,560
I mean, that was a sacred trust.
1333
01:18:08,480 --> 01:18:10,770
[Remnick]
There's something profound here about the Graham family
1334
01:18:10,770 --> 01:18:14,400
and The Washington Post.
Their bond with it is deep.
1335
01:18:14,400 --> 01:18:16,530
And think what you will
about the strike,
1336
01:18:16,530 --> 01:18:18,860
it's very complicated.
1337
01:18:18,860 --> 01:18:22,450
And you can easily be critical
of the ownership of the paper
1338
01:18:22,450 --> 01:18:27,080
in this -- in this
really ugly labor dispute.
1339
01:18:27,080 --> 01:18:28,620
But Katharine Graham was
terrified of losing the paper,
1340
01:18:28,620 --> 01:18:29,920
and she could have.
1341
01:18:32,710 --> 01:18:34,710
[Katharine] By January 6th,
1342
01:18:34,710 --> 01:18:37,930
we had hired 107 people
as permanent replacements
1343
01:18:37,930 --> 01:18:41,510
for the pressroom.
1344
01:18:41,510 --> 01:18:44,600
With the pressmen refusing
The Post's final contract offer
1345
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:46,810
and with non-union workers
inside the plant
1346
01:18:46,810 --> 01:18:49,100
doing the pressmen's work,
1347
01:18:49,100 --> 01:18:52,610
this already bitter strike is
expected to become even more so.
1348
01:18:56,530 --> 01:18:58,570
Tonight in Washington,
the world premiere
1349
01:18:58,570 --> 01:19:00,700
of All the President's Men.
1350
01:19:00,700 --> 01:19:02,660
[Male reporter]
Instead of searchlights,
1351
01:19:02,660 --> 01:19:03,700
there were pickets
outside marching within view
1352
01:19:03,700 --> 01:19:06,450
of the Watergate a block away.
1353
01:19:06,450 --> 01:19:08,410
The protesters are pressmen
on strike
1354
01:19:08,410 --> 01:19:10,420
against The Washington Post.
1355
01:19:10,420 --> 01:19:11,960
[Male reporter 2]
There was one celebrity moment
1356
01:19:11,960 --> 01:19:14,750
in the finest tradition
of a Hollywood opening,
1357
01:19:14,750 --> 01:19:15,960
when the stars came through.
1358
01:19:15,960 --> 01:19:17,800
Robert Redford and
Dustin Hoffman,
1359
01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:19,930
trailed
by their real-life counterparts,
1360
01:19:19,930 --> 01:19:22,800
The Washington Post's
Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein,
1361
01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:25,560
who wanted to see how Hollywood
would show them at work.
1362
01:19:25,560 --> 01:19:27,600
I've never been
to a Hollywood premiere either.
1363
01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:30,400
As one reviewer noted,
All The President's Men
1364
01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:34,900
is the most eagerly awaited
motion picture since Jaws.
1365
01:19:34,900 --> 01:19:36,940
[Don] Robert Redford
plays Woodward
1366
01:19:36,940 --> 01:19:39,650
and Dustin Hoffman plays
Carl Bernstein.
1367
01:19:39,650 --> 01:19:42,660
And there is
no Katharine Graham character
1368
01:19:42,660 --> 01:19:43,660
in that movie.
1369
01:19:43,660 --> 01:19:46,660
And what's odd about that
1370
01:19:46,660 --> 01:19:49,460
was that the menace of Watergate
1371
01:19:49,460 --> 01:19:51,750
wasn't to Ben Bradlee,
1372
01:19:51,750 --> 01:19:54,460
wasn't to Bob Woodward
and Carl Bernstein.
1373
01:19:54,460 --> 01:19:57,710
It was, uniquely, to Kay Graham.
1374
01:19:59,670 --> 01:20:01,550
[Man] You tell your
publisher, tell Katie Graham
1375
01:20:01,550 --> 01:20:03,090
she's gonna get her tit
caught in a big wringer
1376
01:20:03,090 --> 01:20:05,510
if that's published.
1377
01:20:05,510 --> 01:20:08,980
All the President's Men
was important as a movie
1378
01:20:08,980 --> 01:20:12,020
in many ways,
because it helped to expose
1379
01:20:12,020 --> 01:20:14,940
what the Nixon administration
had been doing.
1380
01:20:14,940 --> 01:20:17,070
But Kay actually had been
the one person
1381
01:20:17,070 --> 01:20:19,990
who was the most key
to this process
1382
01:20:19,990 --> 01:20:25,450
and had the most courage
and took the most punishment.
1383
01:20:25,450 --> 01:20:28,870
[Weymouth] I thought it was very
unfair that she got left out.
1384
01:20:28,870 --> 01:20:31,460
One of the actors came and broke
the news to her that,
1385
01:20:31,460 --> 01:20:33,670
"Gee, you know,
you took all the risks,
1386
01:20:33,670 --> 01:20:35,250
but you're not going to be
in the movie."
1387
01:20:35,250 --> 01:20:37,800
But she didn't take it too well.
Secretly. Privately.
1388
01:20:44,890 --> 01:20:46,430
[Katharine]
By the 1st of June,
1389
01:20:46,430 --> 01:20:48,640
the strike was essentially
over.
1390
01:20:52,940 --> 01:20:55,940
In many ways,
the strike broke my heart.
1391
01:20:55,940 --> 01:20:59,730
It was certainly the toughest
work situation I'd ever faced.
1392
01:21:02,570 --> 01:21:06,530
My mother rarely did things
tactfully or in a low-key way.
1393
01:21:06,530 --> 01:21:10,450
She loved and thrived
on strident confrontations.
1394
01:21:10,450 --> 01:21:12,660
Perhaps for that reason,
1395
01:21:12,660 --> 01:21:14,830
I always ran the other way
when it came to a showdown.
1396
01:21:19,750 --> 01:21:39,650
♪♪
1397
01:21:39,650 --> 01:21:42,860
Left alone, no matter at what
age or under what circumstance,
1398
01:21:42,860 --> 01:21:45,780
you have to remake your life.
1399
01:21:45,780 --> 01:21:48,700
On January 10, 1979,
1400
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:52,870
I turned over the title of
publisher of The Post to Don.
1401
01:21:52,870 --> 01:21:56,460
While I had always known Don
would one day become publisher,
1402
01:21:56,460 --> 01:21:59,380
what I hadn't foreseen is
that it would be so hard
1403
01:21:59,380 --> 01:22:01,460
for me to give it up.
1404
01:22:01,460 --> 01:22:04,670
Publisher of The Post
is a title
1405
01:22:04,670 --> 01:22:06,340
I knew I would miss.
1406
01:22:06,340 --> 01:22:09,970
In configuring a new way
of life,
1407
01:22:09,970 --> 01:22:11,430
I tried to understand what
1408
01:22:11,430 --> 01:22:13,720
I needed to retain
from my old one.
1409
01:22:13,720 --> 01:22:21,400
♪♪
1410
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,280
Reorganizing my working life
was a necessity,
1411
01:22:25,280 --> 01:22:29,820
as was finding
a new kind of balance.
1412
01:22:29,820 --> 01:22:31,830
[Steinem] Of all the ways
1413
01:22:31,830 --> 01:22:34,450
that Kay modeled what
journalism should be,
1414
01:22:34,450 --> 01:22:37,370
the most intimate
was writing her own book.
1415
01:22:39,290 --> 01:22:41,340
[Russert] She has now written
a remarkable book,
1416
01:22:41,340 --> 01:22:43,920
Personal History, by Katharine
Graham, and she's here tonight.
1417
01:22:43,920 --> 01:22:46,470
It is an amazing book
1418
01:22:46,470 --> 01:22:49,680
because you hear your voice
throughout it.
1419
01:22:49,680 --> 01:22:51,850
It was like an audio cassette
for me to read.
1420
01:22:51,850 --> 01:22:54,100
I could hear Kay Graham.
1421
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:56,310
[Warren] She spent five years
writing her book
1422
01:22:56,310 --> 01:23:00,190
and she wanted it accurate.
1423
01:23:00,190 --> 01:23:03,110
And she sent me the galleys, and
I just called her up and I said,
1424
01:23:03,110 --> 01:23:05,440
"You know, you wrote the book
I hoped you'd write."
1425
01:23:05,440 --> 01:23:08,860
I wanted to tell the story
of the development of the paper
1426
01:23:08,860 --> 01:23:12,530
and the company, and I wanted
to tell a story of people,
1427
01:23:12,530 --> 01:23:14,040
three people
who were very important to me,
1428
01:23:14,040 --> 01:23:16,080
my parents and Phil Graham.
1429
01:23:16,080 --> 01:23:19,710
But you knew in reliving it,
pain would occur.
1430
01:23:19,710 --> 01:23:23,420
Well, I knew that there were
tough sides to the story,
1431
01:23:23,420 --> 01:23:24,710
as there are in anybody's story.
1432
01:23:26,840 --> 01:23:29,630
[Susie]
I was staying at her house,
1433
01:23:29,630 --> 01:23:34,470
and she had told me that she
was reading for books on tape,
1434
01:23:34,470 --> 01:23:38,480
and that she'd gotten to the
part where Phil shot himself,
1435
01:23:38,480 --> 01:23:42,020
and she said, "I've read it and
reread it 100 times in my head
1436
01:23:42,020 --> 01:23:44,270
as we've been working
on the book."
1437
01:23:44,270 --> 01:23:46,900
But she said, "I had never read
it out loud till today,"
1438
01:23:46,900 --> 01:23:48,990
and she said, "I couldn't get
the words out of my mouth
1439
01:23:48,990 --> 01:23:50,990
for the first few times.
1440
01:23:50,990 --> 01:23:51,990
It was so hard."
1441
01:23:51,990 --> 01:23:59,500
♪♪
1442
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:03,290
[Katharine] On August 3rd,
we drove to the farm.
1443
01:24:03,290 --> 01:24:05,590
After a short while,
1444
01:24:05,590 --> 01:24:07,460
Phil got up saying he wanted to
lie down in a separate bedroom
1445
01:24:07,460 --> 01:24:09,420
he sometimes used.
1446
01:24:09,420 --> 01:24:10,880
Only a few minutes later,
1447
01:24:10,880 --> 01:24:12,050
there was the
ear-splitting noise
1448
01:24:12,050 --> 01:24:14,930
of a gun going off indoors.
1449
01:24:14,930 --> 01:24:16,680
I bolted out of my room
1450
01:24:16,680 --> 01:24:19,560
and ran around
in a frenzy looking for him.
1451
01:24:19,560 --> 01:24:22,520
When I opened the door
to a downstairs bathroom,
1452
01:24:22,520 --> 01:24:24,980
I found him.
1453
01:24:24,980 --> 01:24:27,820
It was so profoundly shocking
and traumatizing.
1454
01:24:27,820 --> 01:24:29,690
He was so obviously dead
1455
01:24:29,690 --> 01:24:32,280
and the wounds so ghastly
to look at that
1456
01:24:32,280 --> 01:24:33,660
that I just ran
into the next room
1457
01:24:33,660 --> 01:24:35,990
and buried my head
in my hands,
1458
01:24:35,990 --> 01:24:38,950
trying to absorb
that this had really happened.
1459
01:24:38,950 --> 01:24:47,590
♪♪
1460
01:24:47,590 --> 01:24:49,840
Most of our life together
was wonderful,
1461
01:24:49,840 --> 01:24:51,470
and he was wonderful,
1462
01:24:51,470 --> 01:24:54,220
and I didn't want
the bad part at the end
1463
01:24:54,220 --> 01:24:58,720
to overshadow the very,
very good part.
1464
01:24:58,720 --> 01:25:01,980
One of the reasons
I wrote this book was to say
1465
01:25:01,980 --> 01:25:06,520
how great he was, and my parents
were each in their own way.
1466
01:25:06,520 --> 01:25:08,820
I thought there were
three people
1467
01:25:08,820 --> 01:25:12,150
who deserved to be remembered
and to be written about.
1468
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:19,040
This was The Washington Post
10 years ago today.
1469
01:25:19,040 --> 01:25:22,540
The people who put it together
were reporters, not historians.
1470
01:25:22,540 --> 01:25:24,210
They put down the news
of the day --
1471
01:25:24,210 --> 01:25:27,500
the important things,
the routine things,
1472
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:29,210
and even the trivia.
1473
01:25:29,210 --> 01:25:33,920
But 10 years has turned this
issue into a history book.
1474
01:25:33,920 --> 01:25:35,340
[Murrow] Mrs. Meyer, tell me,
do you have anything
1475
01:25:35,340 --> 01:25:37,340
to do with
running the paper?
1476
01:25:37,340 --> 01:25:39,430
Running the paper?
Yes.
1477
01:25:39,430 --> 01:25:41,680
Certainly not.
I'd be shot at sunrise
1478
01:25:41,680 --> 01:25:44,350
if I interfered
with The Post.
1479
01:25:44,350 --> 01:25:48,520
Mrs. Meyer’s a contributor to
the paper, she doesn’t run it.
1480
01:25:48,520 --> 01:25:50,400
[laughter]
1481
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:53,530
[Katharine] My father was so shy
at expressing emotion,
1482
01:25:53,530 --> 01:25:55,530
but he somehow conveyed
his belief in me
1483
01:25:55,530 --> 01:25:57,780
without ever articulating it.
1484
01:25:57,780 --> 01:26:02,120
And that was the single most
sustaining thing in my life.
1485
01:26:02,120 --> 01:26:06,880
That was what saved me.
1486
01:26:06,880 --> 01:26:08,210
[Putney]
There were times when,
1487
01:26:08,210 --> 01:26:11,300
as a young woman,
you needed support
1488
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:13,760
and you found your mother
to be competitive?
1489
01:26:13,760 --> 01:26:18,340
Well, she would tend to diminish
whatever you, uh...
1490
01:26:18,340 --> 01:26:19,970
[laughter]
1491
01:26:19,970 --> 01:26:21,890
And it was
a little bit difficult.
1492
01:26:21,890 --> 01:26:23,180
It made you a little bit
unsure of yourself.
1493
01:26:23,180 --> 01:26:24,390
That's true.
1494
01:26:24,390 --> 01:26:27,850
But never mind.
I got over it.
1495
01:26:27,850 --> 01:26:29,810
I mean, I always think that
there's a statute of limitation
1496
01:26:29,810 --> 01:26:32,780
on how long you can blame
your parents for everything.
1497
01:26:32,780 --> 01:26:36,070
[laughter and applause]
1498
01:26:36,070 --> 01:26:40,490
I guess I may have come
to that conclusion as a parent.
1499
01:26:40,490 --> 01:26:42,120
[laughter]
1500
01:26:42,120 --> 01:26:46,120
For people
who know Kay's story,
1501
01:26:46,120 --> 01:26:51,130
she is a touchstone
for progress, for revolution,
1502
01:26:51,130 --> 01:26:53,050
for the future,
1503
01:26:53,050 --> 01:26:57,130
because she was so devoted
to principle,
1504
01:26:57,130 --> 01:27:02,010
even when it was most difficult
for her as a shy person
1505
01:27:02,010 --> 01:27:06,180
to put herself
into the leadership.
1506
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:14,400
You know what
my husband said about the news?
1507
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,740
He called it the first
rough draft of history.
1508
01:27:17,740 --> 01:27:20,240
That's good, isn't it?
1509
01:27:20,240 --> 01:27:22,530
That's the story of many,
many, many women,
1510
01:27:22,530 --> 01:27:24,580
not just of her generation,
1511
01:27:24,580 --> 01:27:28,420
but of women now
who emerge into leadership roles
1512
01:27:28,420 --> 01:27:33,540
and still suffer the same kinds
of crippling curbs
1513
01:27:33,540 --> 01:27:36,050
on their ability
to step forward,
1514
01:27:36,050 --> 01:27:40,340
to be aggressive, to be --
to take risks, to lead.
1515
01:27:42,850 --> 01:27:44,350
[Remnick] When it came
to the Pentagon Papers,
1516
01:27:44,350 --> 01:27:46,270
when it came to Watergate,
1517
01:27:46,270 --> 01:27:47,640
she did the right thing.
1518
01:27:47,640 --> 01:27:49,270
She did the right thing.
1519
01:27:49,270 --> 01:27:52,060
And that's the thing
you knew most vividly.
1520
01:27:52,060 --> 01:27:54,770
It was not just Watergate
and the Pentagon Papers,
1521
01:27:54,770 --> 01:27:56,780
but she did a great job
running the company.
1522
01:27:56,780 --> 01:27:58,700
She absolutely proved
1523
01:27:58,700 --> 01:28:00,820
that a woman can run
a major corporation,
1524
01:28:00,820 --> 01:28:03,950
and that was a great thing
to prove.
1525
01:28:03,950 --> 01:28:05,950
[Katharine]
By the late 1980s,
1526
01:28:05,950 --> 01:28:09,500
The Washington Post Company was
clearly a success.
1527
01:28:09,500 --> 01:28:13,500
The stock had skyrocketed
beyond my wildest dreams,
1528
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:16,590
reaching $300 per share.
1529
01:28:16,590 --> 01:28:23,010
Amazing to me
since we had started at $6.50.
1530
01:28:23,010 --> 01:28:25,970
It's really hard
to imagine the time
1531
01:28:25,970 --> 01:28:29,100
when there were really
no women in the room.
1532
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:31,850
I mean,
it was unbelievable in her day.
1533
01:28:31,850 --> 01:28:33,770
Impossible.
1534
01:28:33,770 --> 01:28:38,650
You know, so I think
she really broke the ceiling.
1535
01:28:38,650 --> 01:28:40,700
[Katharine] Looking back on it,
of course,
1536
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:43,570
I realized that much of
how I was treated
1537
01:28:43,570 --> 01:28:45,820
was a factor
of my being a woman.
1538
01:28:45,820 --> 01:28:48,200
Because people are
simply not used to a woman
1539
01:28:48,200 --> 01:28:53,040
as the chief executive officer
of a company.
1540
01:28:53,040 --> 01:28:55,420
[Povich] She might have
appreciated the women's movement
1541
01:28:55,420 --> 01:28:58,710
for what it did for women
1542
01:28:58,710 --> 01:29:03,380
and the consciousness
she may have gained personally,
1543
01:29:03,380 --> 01:29:05,260
but she wasn't a feminist.
1544
01:29:05,260 --> 01:29:10,430
She was a strong business leader
with a moral compass.
1545
01:29:13,600 --> 01:29:15,150
[Katharine] I don't see myself
as being a model,
1546
01:29:15,150 --> 01:29:18,440
but I think I helped
younger women.
1547
01:29:18,440 --> 01:29:20,610
I hung in for 30 years,
1548
01:29:20,610 --> 01:29:26,070
and therefore they saw a woman
who was the head of a company,
1549
01:29:26,070 --> 01:29:28,740
and they knew
that that could happen.
1550
01:29:28,740 --> 01:29:31,620
And I think that to that extent,
1551
01:29:31,620 --> 01:29:35,330
I played the role model to them,
1552
01:29:35,330 --> 01:29:37,920
and that gave me
great pleasure and satisfaction
1553
01:29:37,920 --> 01:29:41,670
when I realized that
I mattered to younger women.
1554
01:29:41,670 --> 01:30:17,460
♪♪
1555
01:30:20,380 --> 01:31:52,300
♪♪